"Dry" (1) would be the best way to sum up (2) the 2006 Kansas wheat crop. How did the dryness affect the wheat disease situation (3)? Two of our traditional disease problems, leaf rust (4) and stripe rust (5), were well below (6) long-term averages (7). Stripe rust barely (8) showed up at all, and leaf rust developed only late in the season on susceptible varieties (9), much too late for significant yield loss (10). The lack of rust (11) is attributable primarily to (12) the extreme drought (13) in southern Texas, which serves as the annual breeding ground for rust spores (14).
Incidence (15) of most other common foliar diseases (16), including tan spot (17) and speckled leaf blotch (18), was below normal as well, once again due to the dry weather early in the spring. One exception was powdery mildew (19), which reached moderate levels in some fields planted to susceptible varieties in the eastern half of the state. Some fields were sprayed (20) with fungicides to control this disease.
By far the most significant disease problems were caused by viruses, including barley yellow dwarf virus (21), wheat streak mosaic virus (22), and high plains virus (23). The severity (24) of these diseases is attributed to (25) increased volunteer left growing (26) last fall as farmers tried to reduce fuel costs, and an extended period (27) of warm weather that lasted well into November in parts of the state. This warm weather allowed the vectors of the virus diseases (28), aphids (29) for barley yellow dwarf and curl mites (30) for wheat streak mosaic and high plains, to feed and transmit the virus (31) well beyond (32) the Hessian fly(33) free date, which normally is used as a planting guide (34) to limit damage from the virus diseases.
The 2006 wheat crop statewide had relatively few insect problems. In late fall and early winter, there was considerable concern relative to greenbugs (35) and bird cherry oat aphids (36) migrating into Kansas from Oklahoma. Some damage and spraying did occur (37), primarily in the southern third of the state, but aphid effects overall (38) were relatively minor (39). There was, however, considerable barley yellow dwarf, which is vectored by (40) greenbugs and bird cherry oat aphids, and some wheat streak mosaic, which is vectored by wheat curl mites, throughout the state. Scattered problems (41)with Hessian flies were noted, especially in south-central Kansas. Timely destruction (42) of volunteer wheat (43) will help reduce the incidence of these diseases by reducing the over-summering habitat (44) of the aphids, wheat curl mites, and Hessian flies.
Scattered reports of wheat head army worms (45) also were received in south central Kansas. Worms were noticed only during harvest, and some damaged kernels (46) were noted by grain inspectors. This insect is generally confined to (47) border rows (48) and, thus, the worms and damage usually affect only the first loads (49), as fields are "opened up".
Exercise 3 b. Mach the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B:
A. Two of our traditional disease problems, leaf rust and stripe rust, were well below long-term averages.
1. 2006 . .
B. The lack of rust is attributable primarily to the extreme drought in southern Texas, which serves as the annual breeding ground for rust spores.
2. / .
C. One exception was powdery mildew, which reached moderate levels in some fields planted to susceptible varieties in the eastern half of the state.
3. , , .
D. "Dry" would be the best way to sum up the 2006 Kansas wheat crop.
4. , , , .
E. Some fields were sprayed with fungicides to control this disease.
5. , , , .
F. The severity of these diseases is attributed to increased volunteer left growing last fall as farmers tried to reduce fuel costs, and an extended period of warm weather that lasted well into November in parts of the state.
6. , .
G. In late fall and early winter, there was considerable concern relative to greenbugs and bird cherry oat aphids migrating into Kansas from Oklahoma.
7. , ,
, .
H. Stripe rust barely showed up at all, and leaf rust developed only late in the season on susceptible varieties, much too late for significant yield loss.
8. , , .
I. Incidence of most other common foliar diseases, including tan spot and speckled leaf blotch, was below normal as well, once again due to the dry weather early in the spring.
9. ³ , , , .
J. By far the most significant disease problems were caused by viruses, including barley yellow dwarf virus, wheat streak mosaic virus, and high plains virus.
10. , , .
K. There was, however, considerable barley yellow dwarf, which is vectored by greenbugs and bird cherry oat aphids, and some wheat streak mosaic, which is vectored by wheat curl mites, throughout the state.
