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, , - , - л [160]. , , , , . , , , . , [161].
, , , ; , [162]. , , [163]. , , , , . , , , , , , , , , [164]. ( ), [165].
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, [172]. : , , [173]. , , [174], , . . , , , . , , 1935 , 1 500 [175]. , - - , [176]. , , 750 . , [177]. , [178]. : , , , [179].
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, . , , . , - [183]. 1933 138 , 111 , 287 ( 457). , 10 000 [184].
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, , , . , , , - . , [188]. , , , , , , . , [189]. , , . ( ). , , , , , [190]. .
, . . , , . , , . , [191]. , , . , , , . , , , [192].
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, . 1931 , , 'no . , 1934 , , [194]. 1934 , 1936 . , () [195].
, 1936 [ 196]. 17 1934 . , . , . , [197]. , , -- . , , , [198].
, , , , . , , , , , . , . , - - , , , [199].
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, -. . , , . , , , . . , , - .
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1. (., 1979). .104. , . . , , . .: .. . 1918-1956: . .2. ., 1991. .219. 1989 .
2. ... , , , .. 23 1931 ., . -, .7952, .5, .319, .28-29.
3. Reginald Zeinik, Russian Workers and the Revolutionary Movement, Journal of Social History 6, 2 (1972). P.214-237. . Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in. Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
4. , . - Donald Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 1928-1941 (Armonk, N.Y.: . E. Sharpe, 1986). P.76-87. - . . (Jay . Zawodny) (Hoover Institution Archives) . , , - , -, . - Merle Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958). P.449. , , .
5. , . : Solomon Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger, 1951). , 1928 1941 , . . , , . 1986 . , , , : , .
6. .., , . ( , , , ). , . , , (The Birmingham Centre for Russian and East European Studies). , . - .: ... .. . 1917-1940 . ., 1976. , . - . Vladimir Andrle, Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialization and Social Change in a Planned Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988). , , .
7. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
8. Filtzer, Soviet Workers. P.254-255. , , , [] . , . , . , , . , , , 1935 (.80, 102). . , , ! . , 1930- , - . - . Andrle, Workers in Stalin's Russia.
9. 30 1932 . ..: .. . .13. ., 1953. .133. . 558, on. 1.
10. 1936 : . 12 , . 118 .
11. ( 25%). , , , . 1933 , 1924 . .:
/ ". .. ., 1953. .367-378.
12. . Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism. Vol. 3 (New York: Clarendon Press, 1978). Chaps. 1-3.
13. , , , , , 1920- , . , : , , , - , , ? ( ), . , , : . : - . , . , ( ), , , . , , , , , . , , 1920- . - Sheila Fitzpatrick. L'usage Bolchevique de la "class": Marxisme et construction de 1'identite individuelle, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, dir. Pierre Bourdieu, 85 (November 1990).
14. 11,9 . 1928-1929 . 15,8 . 1932-1933 ., 1932 . 22,9 . . 1932 . 6,5 . 3,1 . 1928 . , , , . - . ., 1936. .508. , 1934 . . 1937 ., , 27 . . - Results of Fulfilling the Second Five-Year Plan (Moscow, 1939). P. 104. , 28,9 ., , 15 . . , 1921 -1922 , , , 6,5 . , 1,24 . , , .
15. [ - ], 16 1938 . , 1936 , 25 882 , 20 749 , 1 273 - , 1 894 - - (), 1 244 - () 723 - . , 1935 , 24 114 . - . - 1936 . , 1936. ; - - , . ( ), .
16. ., 2 000 . 10% - , , , ... - John Scott, Behind the Urals (Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989). P.156; . . 9 1937 .
17. 21 500 , , 10 589 . - (), .804, .11, . 105, . 37. 1931 54 600 , . - (), .4086, .2, . 42, . 28. 1930- ., . 1940 4 200 , 1936 8 800. ( , 1936 ). -, 18 1936 .
18. , , , . , . , 1932 , , . - 1932 . , 1932. .4. .: . 1917-1958 . // : . ., 1961. .7-73. . : John D. Barber, The Composition of the Soviet Working Class, 1928-1941, CREES Discussion Papers, Soviet Industrialization Project, 16 (Birmingham, England, 1978).
19. , .. , , .-E.P.Thompson, Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism, Past and Present. Vol. 38 (December 1967). P.56-97.
20. - 1929 : , , , ... - , , , , , . - .. // / . ... ., 1929. .83.
21. .. (., 1931). . 1930 , , , - . , (, , , ). - El Lissitsky, Russia: An Architecture for World Revolution (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970). C.57-58.
22. , - () 1931 , - . - // , 26 1931 ., 1931 . ( 3-4. .94-96).
23. Moshe Levin, The Making of the Soviet System (New York: Pantheon. 1985). P.37.
24. , "" , . 1927-1928 , , , - . : - . - Lewis Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). P.40.
25. Lewis Siegelbaum, Shock Workers, The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Vol.35 (Gulf Breeze, El.: Academic International, 1983). P.23-27. , , , , , : , . , - , , . , , , . , , . - .. , ! - // .. . . ,2. ., 1983. .381.
26. , . , , , , , . - (), . 118, .1, . 80, . 96-101.
27. Scott, Behind the Urals. P.72. . , , , , . , , , , . - . Fillzer, Soviet Workers. P.232.
28. - : - . , , , , . . 1933. 11. .65-71 ( - ); : Filtzer, Soviet Workers. P.211.
29. Scott, Behind the Urals. P.75.
30. 1933 .: Scott, Behind the Urals. P.49; 1 1937 .: 1937 . , 1937. .17. , , : : . ., 1939. . 187. , . , , 1932 . 1936 420-450 . , , 75 . , , , . -, . 7952, on. 5, . 312, . 295; . 319, . 9.
31. ., : . . 7952, on. 5, . 306, . 23-24. , , , .
32. , , . , , , , , , . , , : ? - ! - -, . , . , . , , , , . - , 28 1935 .
33. , . , , , , , , -, . , , 250 . , . ; , . (6), . , . - , . 7952, on. 5, . 305, . 52-55.
34. 1936 , , , . - , 14 1936 .
35. , 15 1936 .
36. , 3 1935 ., 30 1936 . . , - 1936 . . - , . , . , . , . - , 24 1936 .
37. . , (1934. 7. .50), .: Vladimir Andrle, How Backward Workers Became Soviet: Industrialization of Labor and the Politics of Efficiency under the Second Five-Year Plan, 1933-1937, Social History 10, 2 (May 1985). P. 155. , " " () 1931 . 1933 . , 1934 , . .
38. . .., . , 22 1935 . , , , . , , . , - , - , . , - , - , , , , , . - , . 118,. 1,.80,. 112. , , 286 , 140 , 22 744 . , - , , - , , ( ). - , . 10, on.1,.139, . 50.
39. , - . - , 4 1936 .
40. . Scott, Behind the Urals, pp. 84-85. , 1935 ... . , , , , . . V.Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1946). P.75.
41. .. : 2 . .2: 1926-1937 . ., 1957. .458.
42. Scott,Behind the Urals. P.36.
43. , 6 1938 . , , . 1937 . 15 1938 . , 20 000 , 1 500 ; 780 , - 524. , ; , , . - , 24 , 15 , 18 1937 .
44. ., , , , : , , , . SiegeSbaum, Stakhanovism. P.XII. 145. , , , 1934-1938 . (Francesco Benvenutti, Stakhanovism and Stalinism. 1934-1938), 1989 Fuoco sui sabotatori! Stachanovismo e organizzione industriale in URSS, 1934-1938 (Rome, 1988).
45. , , (, ) . - , 12 4 1936 .
46. , . 7952, on. 5, . 313, . 88.
47. , 1 1936 . , , , 12 1936 :
2 496 4 471 . , , - , , . . - . // . . . 1. . 1. , 1959. .236-237. .: . . ., 1979. .144-145.
48. . 5 1936 .
49. , . 7952. on. 5, . 397, . 45-46, 50. . . , , 28 1936 ., . , . - , . 304, . 113.
50. , 3 1935 .
51. , . 7952, on. 5, . 313, , 25.
52. , . 312, . 11.
53. , . 306, . 84-87,101. , - , .: , 18 1936 .; , 28 1935 . Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom. P. 188.
54. , ( 1936 ) , , 215 - - . , , , . - , 14 1936 .
55. , . 7952, on. 5, . 312, . 11.
56. , 14 1936.
57. , 28 1 1936 .
58. . , 1952. .104-105.
59. , 21 1936 .; , . 7952, on. 5, . 300, . 61-81. 1936 , , 61 , . , , , . , , , 1934 , , . , - , - . , , . , , , - , . - , 24 1936 .
60. , . 10, on. 1, . 243, . 3.
61. (, , - ) () . - , 11 1935 .
62. , . 99, on. 1, . 1091, . 81.
63. , . 7952, on. 5, . 312. . 14.
64. , 27 1936 .; , . 7952, on. 5, . 313, . 140. , . , , , , , , . - , 8 17 1936 .
65. , 30 1936 .
66. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism. .179.
67. . : .. : -- . ., 1971. .321. -. , , 1932 474%. , , . .: Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism. P.54-61. 1938 - . . - . 1938. 23; : . 2- . ., 1965. .537-538.
68. , , , , , . : : , , : "" - 80% 50% ... , - , - , - . - , - . , ? ? -... : " " 70 90 %, , , 40 60 %. , - , - . - , , - , , - , . . - . // . 10 1936 . 4 1936 .
69. . , , , , , 1000 . . 1934 , 1928 ; , , . . . - , 28 1936 .; , . 7952. on. 5, . 307, . 26-28; . 312, . 51.
70. , . 7952, on. 5, . 312, .49.
71. . (), . - , . 7952, on. 5, . 364, . 58-61, 66. , , , . , , , . - , 23 1936 .
72. , . : , - , - , . - , . 7952, on. 5, . 313, . 49. , -, , 250 . , , -- . (), . 3 , , , . , , , , , . 10 . . - , 12 1936 .; , 24 1936 .; , 12 1936 .; , . 7952, on. 5, . 312,. 5-11. - 25 1936 , 27 1936 . , -, .
73. , 16 1936.
74. , . 7952, on. 5, . 305, . 59.
75. , . 307, . 45-46 . 397, . 45-46, 50.
76. , 14 1936 .
77. . // , 9 1936 .
78. , 5 1936.
79. , , , . -, 27 1936 .
80. , . 7952. on. 5, . 309, . 74.
81. λ 1 1936 , , ( ), - ^ , , , , - . , , , , - . , , , - ( ), . . - , 22 , 30 , 9 1936 .; , . 118, on. I, . 106, . 23. , .
82. , , , , , , , 1935 1936 , , , 1936, , . , 1936 . 1937 , , . , , , . - Scott, Behind the Urals. P.163-166. , , , - . - , . 7952, on. 5, . 306, . 77-78. , -, , , , , . - . .22, 45.
83. , . 118, on. 1, . 106, . 23. , , , -, 1931 , . , . 58 . . , -, : . - , 30 1936 .
84. , , , , , . - Edward Greer, Big Steel: Black Politics and Corporate Power in Gary, Indiana (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979). P.72-89.
85. 1936 , 11000 , 51% . - , . 10, on. 1, . 243, . 3. 1939 , , 11 150 . , , , . , , , . - , 5 1939. 1936 , , 3 663 , - 4 441. , - , - . , . , , 1936 , , , , , . . - , 30 4 1936 .
86. , , , . - , , . , , . , , . ,