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, , , , , , , . , . . , , , , , , [49]. - , . , , (on tap, not on top). , , : , 30- . 50-. , 1944 , . , , [50].

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3. , , , , , . . . , , - . , .

, . . , , , , , , ; - , . , 30- 50- , , , . - . , . ( , ) ; .. (1888-1961) [51].

, , - . 1962 , . , . , : . - . [52]...

, , , - , , , , , , .

. , , . - , -. , , . , , , ( ) - , . , - - .

, , - , , . , , - , , . , , - - , , , , , , : , , . , - , "". ""? - - (On Death and Dying): ""; , "" . , [53] , , . . .

, , , , - , [54]. , , . - , , - , . , , . , , , .

, , : , . , , . . , . , . , , - , [55].

. . .

1. . Alexander Vucinich, Soviet Physicists and Philosophers in the 1930s: Dynamics of a Conflict, Isis, June 1980; 18 : D.Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1932 (New York, 1961).

2. . 1937. 7. .43.

3. . 9 11 1937 .

4. . G.A.Wetter, Dialectical Materialism: A Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in the Soviet Union (New York, 1958). P.405-432; Loren Graham, Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union (New York, 1972), 4. , : - , - . 1950 . .

5. .. // . 20 1950 . , : .. . Vol.3 (XVI). Stanford, California, 1967.

6. , . (Paul Feyerabend) . .: Slavic Review, 25, 3 (September 1966). P.381-420.

7. . Loren Graham, A Soviet Marxist View of Structural Chemistry, Isis, 55 (March 1964). P.20-31.

8. .. . ., 1964. .681. ( Schablone) ( . .874-875).

9. .. (1896-1986). : : , . T.I. ., 1949, .215; .4. 4.2. ., 1974. .62; .5. ., 1977. .260-262. .. , , 1969 . 3. .52.

10. . Zhores A. Medvedev, Soviet Science (New York, 1978). P.8, 30, 57, 67, 79, , , 1914 1976 11 000 1 254 000. - , ; Thane Gustafson, Why Doesn't Soviet Science Do Better Than It Does?, Linda Lubrano and Susan Solomon, eds., The Social Context of Soviet Science (Boulder, Colorado and Folkestone, England, 1980); : John R. Thomas and U.M.Kruse-Vaucienne. eds., Soviet Science and Technology (Washington, D.C., 1977); OECD, Science Policy in the USSR (Paris, 1969). (Centre for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Birmingham) - . , .

11. . , , : K.E.Bailes. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978).

12. ., , л (., 1967). , . (- ), : . , - .

13. .. (4- . ., 1961), .. (., 1935-1940; - ., 1994).

14. .

15. , , .. (., 1962) .7-140. .560-562 , , . - - , , , .

16. .. (., 1957) . . , ; (., 1968). .. , . (., 1963), : Keith Armes, Daniil Granin and the World of Soviet Science. Survey 20, 1 (90).

17. .: David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge, Mass., 1970). P. 174-176, 290-291 .. . : Nancy Heer. Politics and History in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass., 1971). P.151, , .

18. . Grigorii Freiman, It Seems I Am a Jew: A Samizdat Essay on Soviet Mathematics (London and Amsterdam, 1980). (Melvyn Nathanson), . , , .85-94.

19. . Hamberg, Invention in the Industrial Research

Laboratory, Journal of Political Economy, 71 (April 1963). P.95-115. . .. (., 1968), .206-207, - , , , . , , , , . ., : .. . , 1970. . 186 ; .. . ., 1971. . 188-241.

20. , . - R.A.Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences ofStalinism (New York, 1971). P. 108; K.E.Bailes. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin. P.375-379: R.A.Lewis, Innovation in the USSR: The Case of Synthetic Rubber, Slavic Review, 38. 1 (March 1979). P.48-59.

21.0 20- . : Alexander Eriich, The Soviet Industrialization Debate, 1924-28 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960); Nicholas Spulber, ed.. Strategy for Economic Growth (Bloomington, Ind., 1964); Nicholas Spulber, Soviet Strategy for Economic Growth (Bloomington, Ind.. 1964); Cyril Black, ed., Rewriting Russian History (New York, 1962); Konstantin Shteppa, Russian Historians and the Soviet State (New Brunswick, N.J., 1962); George Enteen, The Soviet Scholar-Bureaucrat: M.N.Pokrovskii and the Society of Marxist Historians (University Park, Penn., 1978).

22. . David Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science. 1917-1934 (New York, 1961), Chap. 4. 31 1922 , . . 161 : .., .. 20- . ., 1975. .73-74.

23. , ... .. (., 1924). .133.

24. .: David Joravsky. The Lysenko Affair.

25. : W.Girke, H.Janow, Sowjetische Soziolinguistik: Probleme und Genese (Kronberg. Germany, 1974). . : Sprache und Gesellschaft in der Sowietunion (Miinchen, ^75); Lawrence Thomas, The Linguistic Theories ofN.Ja.Marr (Berkeley, 1957). ^ Langage et classes sociales: Ie marrisme, Langages, 46 (1977). , : [ .. - .] , , , - (.50).





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