26. .: . . 1918 1962 . ., 1962. . ., , , . , ( : 5 . .5. ., 1970). .: W.Girke, H.Janow, Sowjetische Soziolinguistik. . : Jan Prucha, Soviet Psycholinguistics (The Hague, 1972). P.42-43; . (David L. Olmstead) Historiographia Linguistica. 1982, 1/2. P.145-152.
27. .. . Vol.3 (XVI). C.I 14-171.
28. . . 144.
29. ., , :
. , .., 28 - 4 1950 . .. 1950;
. .. ; 11-15 1951 . ., 1951. . : David Joravsky, The Mechanical Spirit: The Stahnist Marriage of Pavlov to Marx, Theory and Society, 4 (1977). P.457-477. [. David Joravsky, Russian Psychology: A Critical History (New York: Blackwell, 1989). - . , 2000 .].
30. .: David Joravsky, A Great Soviet Psychologist, New York Review of Books, May 16, 1974.
31. ( . .5. .5).
32. .: .. , , . // . 1924. 1-2; , .. (., 1924). .171-215.
33. .: .. // . 1917-1927. .. 1928. .32 .
34. ., , .., . . . - .. ..// . 1936. 9. .78. : Jerzy Konorski, Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization (Cambridge, 1948).
35. Gregory Razran, Mind in Evolution (Boston, 1971).
36. . , - , .: .. . . 4- . .32. .48; .44. .325-326; .45. .23.
37. . : .. . ., 1975. .137 ; .. . ., 1967. .61 . .. (1879-1957), , .. (1888-1936), , 30- . . , 10 1924 . . 2 (19) 1924 .. . .. (1862-1936) - . .
|
|
38. , . .: Eckhardt Scheerer, Gestalt Psychology in the Soviet Union: The Period of Enthusiasm, Psychological Research, 41 (1980). P.I 13-132. , - , - . () . (., 1932). - .. (.. 1974), , 1931-1932 40 .
39. .. (., 1967). .266-292. , 30- . - , 1931, 2. .34-84. , , : B.F.Lomov, The Soviet View of Engineering Psychology. Human Factors, 1969. 11. P.69-74; , : Michael Cole and Maltzman, eds., Handbook of Contemporary Soviet Psychology (New York, 1969). . , , .
40. . . . 1967. 1. .. . : Linda Lubrano, Soviet Sociology of Science (Columbus, Ohio, 1976); Erik P. Hoffmann The "Scientific Management" of Soviet Society, Problems of Communism, May-June 1977. P.59-67; Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Views of "The Scientific-Technological Revolution", World Politics, July 1978. P.615-644; Y.M.Rabkin, "Naukovedenie": The Study of Scientific Research in the Soviet Union, Minerva 1977. 1/76. P.61-78.
|
|
41. .: Raymond Bauer, The New Man in Soviet Psyscology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952).
42. . : .. // . 1925-1926. 13-15. , - , : Medvedev R.A. Let History Judge. P.503-505.
43. -: O.Anweiler and H.Ruffman, eds., Kulturpolitik der Sowjetunion (Stuttgart, 1973). P.34-39,120-123 ; Mervyn Matthews, Education in the Soviet Union:
Policies and Institutions Since Stalin (London, 1982). P.153-161. , 20 1969 ., : . .10. ., 1972. .77-80. . : .. . .. 1977;
George Avis, Preparatory Divisions in Soviet Higher Education Establishment:
Ten Years of Radical Experiment ( 1980 .); George Avis, Social Class and Access to Full-time Higher Education in the Soviet Union, M.Sc. diss., University of Bradford. Bradford, England; T.A.Jones, Higher Education and Social Stratification in the Soviet Union, Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1978. . : David S. Lane and Felicity O'Dell, The Soviet Industrial Worker: Social Class, Education and Control (London, 1978). P. 103-104.
44. . James Bowen, Soviet Education: Anton Makarenko and the Years of Experiment (Madison, Wise.. 1962). .: M.Dewhirst and R.Farrell, eds., The Soviet Censorship (Metuchen, N.J., 1973). P.122-126. .: .. // .. : 7 . T.I. ., 1957.
45. .. . . 128.
46. .: Susan G. Solomon, The Soviet Agrarian Debate: A Controversy in Social Science, 1923-1929 (Boulder, Colorado, 1977).
47. , 1931-1932 . .. .., .: .. . ., 1974.
48. . : David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair. P.10-13, .360.
49. , . - . , 30- . .: Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917-1932. P.267.
50. , . : R.W.Judy, The Economists, Skilling and Griffiths, eds., Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton, 1971). P.209-252. . : Michael Kaser, Le debat sur Ie loi de la valeur... 1941-1953, Annuaire de 1'U.R.S.S. (Paris, 1965). P.555-569, 1943-1948 . - , . , , : R.Campbell, Marx, Kantorovich and Novozhilov, Stoimost' versus Reality, Slavic Review, 30, 3 (October 1961). P.402-418. .: Alee Nove et al., L'economie sovietique et les economistes sovietiques. Revue d'etudes comparatives est ouest, 12, 2 (1981). P.121-152.
|
|
51. .. (., 1935), A Basis for the Theory of Medicine (New York, 1944). , л (1968. 12. .1488-1489).
52. , 1 1962 .
53. (What is the right thing?) , , - . : Philippe Aries, The Hour of Our Death (New York, 1981) , : Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York, 1969), . .
54. - , (. . - ..-.].
55. : Connoisseur of Chaos // Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems (New York, 1975). P.215-216. . .
-
( . : )
. .
, [I].
, 8 . , , , , , , ( ) . : , , , , , , , - , - - [2]. .
, , 60 "" []. : , - ? , , , .
, , (, ), . , , . .
|
|
. , , , . . , , , , status quo [4].
, , . , - , [5]. , , , , 1930- , . , - [], , , .
, , . . , , . , [7]. : , , , ( ). -, .
, , , , , , . , , . -, , . , , . , - 1930- , . , , , , , , .
-, , - . , , , , . - ? ? , , , , ? , , , , ? ? ? ? ? , - , - ?
|
|
. , ( ), , , . , , , . .
, : , , . , , - , , , , . , , . , ( , ), , , . , , [8]. , , .
, , , , , . : , , . . - . , , , , .
, . : (), . , , , , , , .