, , .
, , . , . :
+ = + ,
+ + + + + = + + + + +
. . , .
. , . : - .
:
) :
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ( )
Ag+ + NO3 + Na+ + Cl = AgCl↓ + Na+ + NO3 ( ).
, ,
Ag+ + Cl = AgCl↓;
) , :
CO2↑
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2CO3
H2O
2Na+ + CO32 + 2H+ + SO42 = 2Na+ + SO42 + H2O + CO2↑
CO32 + 2H+ = H2O + CO2↑
) , , , , :
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
Na+ + OH + H+ + Cl = Na+ + Cl + H2O
OH + H+ = H2O
CH3COONa + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + CH3COOH
CH3COO + Na+ = 2Na+ + SO42 + CH3COOH
CH3COO + H+ = CH3COOH;
)
HgI2 + 2KI = K2[HgI4]
Hg2+ + 2I + 2K+ + 2I = 2K+ + [HgI4]2
Hg2+ + 4I = [HgI4]2
* , 150C .
* , ( .). , Cu2[Fe(CN)6].
* (. ) . 1834 . .
* * ε - , , , .
* z , , = 1,602 1019 ; , , , ez.
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