. 9 .
, , , 1, , . , , .
9.
0,1 . 18 ( - )
, % | |||
: | |||
H+ | NO3‾ | ||
H+ | Cl‾ | ||
2H+ | SO42- | ||
H+ | H2PO4‾ | ||
2H+ | SO32- | ||
H+ | CH3COO‾ | 1.3 | |
H+ | HCO3- | 0.17 | |
2H+ | S2‾ | 0.07 | |
H+ | H2BO3‾ | 0.01 | |
: | |||
Na+ | OH‾ | ||
K+ | OH‾ | ||
NH4+ | OH‾ | 1.3 | |
: | |||
+-, , KCl | Me+ | A‾ | |
2+2-, , K2SO4 | 2Me+ | A2- |
:
KA ↔ K++ A-,
K+ , A .
v1 = k1[KA], () v2 = k2[K+][A].
v1 = v2, k1[KA] = k2[K+][A].
k1/k2 = [K+][A]/[KA] = K.
K .
K , . , . , , -, , . , .
, . . .
, . , . , , . K > 10-1 , , K < 10-3 , 10-3< K < 10-1 . , . . K .
|
|
, , .
:
) H2S :
I. H2S ↔ H++ HS;
II. HS ↔ H++ S2.
, :
K1 = [H+][HS] / [H2S] = 8,9108;
K2 = [H+][S2] / [HS] = 1,01013.
) H3PO4 :
I. H3PO4 ↔ H++ H2PO4‾;
II. H2PO4‾↔ H++ HPO42;
III. HPO42↔ H++ PO43;
K1 = [H+][H2PO4‾] / [H3PO4] = 7,5103;
K2 = [H+][ HPO42] / [ H2PO4‾] = 6,2108;
K3 = [H+][PO43] / [HPO42] = 2,21013.
.
NH4OH , . , :
I. Mg(OH)2 ↔ MgOH++ OH;
II. MgOH+↔ Mg2++ OH.
K1 = [MgOH+][OH] / [Mg(OH)2];
K2 = [Mg2+][OH] / [MgOH+].
, Zn(OH)Cl, (u)23. ( ) , . . ,
H2CO3 K = K1K2 = 2,210-17;
Pb(OH)2 K = K1K2 = 2,8610-11 .
, , . ,
1 = 2,12, 2 = 7,21, 3 = 12,67.
. 10.
10.
25
l3COOH | 210-1 | 0,70 | ||
- | 1 = 5,910-3 | 1,23 | ||
2 = 6,410-5 | 4,19 | |||
H2SO3 | 1 = 1,5410-2 | 1,81 | ||
2 = 1,0210-7 | 6,37 | |||
H3PO4 | 1 = 7,5210-3 | 2,12 | ||
2 = 6,2310-8 | 7,21 | |||
3 = 2,210-13 | 12,67 | |||
HNO2 | 4,610-4 | 3,34 | ||
HF | 3,5310-4 | 3,45 | ||
HCOOH | 1,77×10-4 | 3,75 | ||
3 | 1,7510-5 | 4,75 | ||
23 | K1 = 4,3×10-7 | 6,37 | ||
2 = 5,6110-11 | 10,33 | |||
H2S | K1 = 9,1×10-8 | 7,04 | ||
2 = 1,0×10-14 | 14,00 | |||
HCN | 4,9310-10 | 9,31 | ||
H2O2 | 2,410-12 | 11,62 | ||
2Si3 | K1 = 2,210-10 | 9,66 | ||
2 = 1,610-12 | 11,80 | |||
HClO | 5,010-8 | 7,30 | ||
HAlO2 | 4 10-13 | 12,40 | ||
3BO3 | 1 = 5,810-10 | 9,24 | ||
2 = 1,810-13 | 12,74 | |||
3 = 1,610-14 | 13,80 | |||
65 | 1,010-10 | 10,00 | ||
NH3×H2O | 1,8×10-5 | 4,75 | ||
3NH2× | 4,210-4 | 10,62 | ||
(II) | HgCl2 | 1 = 3,310-7 | 6,5 | |
2 = 1,810-7 | 6,7 |
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. (, Na3O4), (Na2O4), (Zn(OH)Cl).
, , , :
Na3O4 → 3 Na++ PO43,
.
, , :
I. Na2O4 → Na++ 2O4 ( ),
- :
II. H2PO4‾↔ H++ HPO42;
III. HPO42↔ H++ PO43;
, H+ .
.