( -) (.. ) , , . , , .
, , - 1 3, 1 2. , . , :
χ = 1 / ρ,
χ - ; ρ - .
, . , - , , 1 , . , λ
λ = χ V,
V - , 1 - ( ).
, , (. 13).
. 13. 25
1887 . .. - , (, )
πc = RT
. , , NaCl, , 30 ( 58,6). , , , , , - i, :
i = ∆T / ∆T = ∆π() / ∆π() = ∆ / ∆.
i , , , , :
∆T = im;
∆T = im;
π = iCRT;
∆ = i∆
i , i . , 1 :
i(KCl) = 1.9; i(CuSO4) = 1.4; i(CH3COOH) = 1.05.
, , i .