, , . , , < >. ( , , , , , ), : . , . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , . , . . : . . , . ? : , . - . , .
. - , . , , , , . . , ( ), . , , . , . , , . : , .
: Arthur J. Kover, Boardroom's Business Secrets (New York: Boardroom Reports, 1977), p.5, Boardroom Reports, Inc., Management's Source of Useful Information.
, , (), . , :
1. , . , , - , - .
2. , . , .
3. . , , .
4. ( ). , , .
5. . , , - . Or , , . . , , . , . , , . , , .
. 16.2. .
: D. A. Nadlcr, J. R. Hackman, and E.E. Lawler. Managing Organizational Behavior (Boston: Little Brown,1979), p. 162. .