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. , , -

1 .. . . 194. 80

 

, , , "", "", "". , .

, . , .

Now liberal critics have grown coura- - geous enough to deride it frequently. .

"" () "critics". .

- These writers passionately strive to-

- wards goals that lie outside of literature,

.,

"" "" . "writers", "" ().

, , , "we". .

- be really cost effective we must have

- a good footing in the international video

. market.

- Again we return to the economic model, .

, , , "we" .

,

 

. , , .

- But now, with freedom at home, the

po "" . boldest works of literature age with amazing speed.

"" "with freedom at home". "" , , "the boldest works of literature age with amazing speed".

.

- Whenever official literature - , - lized the theme, the mass reader devoured new works with genuine enthusiasm, .

" " . "" , "literature". "" .

. , , , , . , , .

- Soviet Literature was the child of the . Socialist Realist world view.

"" "child".

.

 

. , , , , . , .. , , . : turn down (reject), look up to (admire), put up with (tolerate), make up for (compensate), stand behind (support), stand by (defend), give up hand in (surrender), "body verbs"1, , , back out (withdraw), stand up to (oppose), leave off (prevent), bow to (accept), sniff at (ignore), , , hound, roar, hammer out, iron out, curb, etc. .

Lack of culture is the result of the lack

. - of skills. No wonder many try to make up

- for these shortcomings with vanity and ar-

.. rogance.

"" "compensate". "make up for" .

It is not difficult to think of many other . areas where video could be used.

"visualize" "imagine" "" "think".

- Why is this social disease getting

! worse!

"progress" "get worse". " ".

- Oil prices will be pegged to current , . world rates.

1 .. . , 1984. . 9.

 

" " "be determined on the basis of . "will be pegged to", , , "peg".

. , . . , . .: It is essential that she should make an attempt to achieve a state of relaxation. She must try to relax1.

, , . , , , , , ,

, .

- We set out to curb the powers of the

. economic bureaucracy.

"" "restrict" "confine". "curb", .

, , . , .

1 , .. . . I. . 6. 84

 

, , - It seems to me we also need a different

, method of supplying programs, one which

: , - would give us more room for manoeuvre,

, What is a flop in one area might be a hit in

. another.

"", ", ", " ", , "give""which would give us......"

"flop" "hit". .

, - Nefteexport, naturally, tried to sell it for "", as high a price as it could get, just like any , other exporter. .

" " , "try". , . "", , "sell". " " ("" , "" ) "as high a price as it could get".

, , . , , . , . , . , , , , .

"", "", "", "", "", "". ,

 

. , "" ( ) , "ensure", "", "question", "", "further", "", "aimed at". , . , , .

.

Radical reductions in strategic offensive - arms have led to new breakthroughs in talks on chemical weapons, .

"" "ensure" "lead to". "make sure", "make certain", "guarantee", "promote", "meet".

"", "further", "new". "continued", "future", "other", "fresh", "more", "additional".

, 1.

(devoted to) of, dedicated to, about, on.

(aimed at) designed to, . + ; , ,

ways to improve.

(first and fore- primarily, mostly, mainly, chiefly, most important,

most) above all, notably.

(create nee- give/provide (smb) (with) the right/favorable condi-

essary conditions) tions, make (it) possible (to), facilitate, promote, en

courage.

(in conditions) in, under, during, with... going on/in progress, at a

time of/when, in the context of, against the background of.

(envisage) provide, provide for, provide that, take care, stimulate,

specify, afford, furnish, recognize.

(stress) report, say, declare, assert, point out, (a communique)

reads.

(at the expense of) through, by means of.

(considerable) great, substantial, significant, marked, long, big, good,

large, quite a bit.

1 . .. . . 23.

 

(way, path) ways and means, policy, footing.

(course) policy, road, trend, project.

(task) job, target, goal, ways and means.

(peculiarity) a/one feature of..., the way..., what makes... different,

what is special/notable/exceptional about, one thing

about...

(circles) quarters, community, academical establishment, Aca-

demia, policy and decision makers, interests.

(experience) methods, techniques, history, record, what has been done.

, .

- , - They all need an "enemy", and when the

, . situation becomes dangerous, their anxiety

to find such an enemy increases.

" ", (.: ), , " " "situation becomes dangerous".

, , .

, - The child of a closed society, Official

, Literature was able to exist only in a her-

. metically sealed environment.

, . , , . , " , , , ". , , , , - .

, - . .: , , . -

 

1.

- The stratification and decay of official literature actually has little relevance to the future of literature, .

" " " " "has little relevance".

- A man, who steered clear of the lime-

emu, , light, Stanislav Shatalin, a well-known

, , Russian economist, applied a businesslike

- approach to analysis of the most complex

, of situations.

" " " "steered clear of the limelight". "" "limelight". " " , , : " "" ""applied a businesslike approach".

It is convenient for an incompetent or

lazy manager to claim the existence of all

"" "". sorts of "conspirators".

" " " " "incompetent" "lazy", . " ", , "manager".

Socialist realism preferred future to the

. present.

" " " " "preferred future to the present". "

^ .. . . 140 88

 

", . "preferred".

. , . .

, . , .

, , , . , . , : 1) ; 2) , - . , -, : , .

, We squander most of our hard-earned

petrodollars or spend them on equipment

, that takes years to come into use this is

, what we should be worried about, not the

, . fact that we export oil.

" ..., " "... ..." , . "we". , " " - "that takes years to come into use". , "we" .

- It turned out the young audience didn 't

, anno- need these poets, they simply hounded

. them off the stage with ironic flood of

applause.

 

(the poets were not needed), , "" "" "the young audience did not need these poets". "hounded off "drove" "chased away".





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