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1. , , .

, , (. , , , ). , , , , , .

, , , , - (. . I, . 2). , , , , , . , , , . - , , ( ., ), .

, -. , - , ; , , : -, , . , , , - .

. , , , ; , - , - . , , . - , , . , , , , .

, , ( , , ). , , ( . . ), , , , , . , ( ) , , , , -, - ( . . 3 , ).

, , , . , ( ) , , , . , , : -, -, (. . -); -, -, .

, (). , , . , .

, ( , , . . - [1974, . 34 .]). , , . . -, ( , ), . , , , , , , , .

, . ( ) , (), , , . , , , . , , ; , , . .: The hunter was leading the men to the hut in the forest. → The silent hunter was confidently leading the tired men along the secret paths to the lonely hut lost in the wild forest.

, , , - . - , . , , , , , , . , . . .: → The hunter's leading of the men to the hut in the forest. → The silent hunter's confident leading of the tired men along the secret paths to the lonely hut lost in the wild forest.

, : , , , - . , , (, , ), , , .

, (. ), , .

, , , () . , , , , , , [ , . 2, . 1,1960, . 7980]. . . , [, 1957, . 102]. , . , .

, , . - , , .

2. , - . , , , , , , -. . , , . , .

, , ( ). , ( - ). -. , , ( , ). - . . , . . - (. . I, . 3).

, , , ( ) ( ). () .

, . , , , , , , . , , , - , . , , , , , .

, , , . , . . (, , , ), . , ( ), , . ( ). ( ).

, . , , , () .

: , ( ) . .: The newcomer introduced himself. The newcomer introduced (?).

, , , , -, , -, , ( ).

, - . , , , [Harris, 1962]. , - .

, , , , : , ( ), .

() . , , . , , : ( ), . , . , . .: Night. Silence. No leaf rustled, no branch moved, the world was asleep. It was night. It was silence.,. Not a word! Don't say a word! Don't you say a word!

, , , (-) . . , , , , , . . , .

, , : -, ; -, ; -, - .

. () (). - -. , , - () - ().

, , ( ), , ( ). .

- ( ) ( ). , , (., : Mary lives in Jamaica. Mary is meeting her friend. Mary is reading).

.

, , [Tesniere, 1959] [Fillmore, 1968] [, , , 1981]. , , , , , .

, , , . , , (), (), , (, ), (), , (), (), () . , , . , , , , , , , , , . .: The. pilot changed his tactics. The lightning struck the high-tension line. The road will soon be reconstructed. The face seems petrified. The colour of her cheeks deepened. The morning saw them approaching the airport. . .

, , , , , ( ), ( ), . - (. ) - , , . , - -, - - . . , , , , , , , , , , . , , ; , . , () . , - , , , , . .; , , , . . - .

 

3. , . , , , , , . , . , , () . . ... ... , , , , ... [, 1977, . 169].

, , , , . , , , , , .

, - , . . , , . , , . , , . . , , , .

. () , , . , , XIX XX [, 1976 ]. - . , , , , . , (. ), - [, 1971 ; 1971 ].

() , . , , ( ) - (. ).

, , , . (- ) . , . , . . .

 

4. - : , , . - , : , . .

. . [Fries, 1952]. . , . , . , , . . , : , , . , : . * , : , .

. . , , . , . , , , () ().

, ( , ), - , . , ; , ?

, .

( , ) , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , : .

, , , . , (: Where is he?), (: Is he here (or not)? Is he here or there?), , () , (). , , -, , -, . , , , .

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5. , . , : , , , , , (.: [, 1953; 1955; , 1957; , 1965, . 95 101]).

, , - . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , - ( , -) (. ).

, , , - , , , [, 1975, . 574], , - . , (- ) , , , . , . : (.: . .) , , -; , , ( . .), [ , 1936, . 6162. .: , 1975, . 575].

, , , , , . ( , ) , (. ). , - , ( , ); , , - . , , , - . , - , . , ( , , ) .

 

6. .

- , . , , , () (). , -. ., : You look pretty. ← Scarlett, how pretty you look! (M. Mitchell). Don't bother me. ← But for Christ's sake don't bother me. (E. Waugh). Did you love me? ← Virginia, did you ever love me at all? (E. Waugh).

"Oh my God!", "By Jingo!" . ., , , . . [, 1971, . 186 187], , : , , ( ). , , .

, - , , . , , , -. , , . , , () .

 

7. - , , . , , , . , , [, 19766, . 20]

, , - - ( ). : looked at her intently, his curiosity reviving. "You're planning something in that convoluted pixie mind of yours.'' "I admit nothing." (A. Hailey). (- , ) . "How can you even insinuate such things?" "Oh, I do beg your pardon, Mrs. Kennedy!" (M. Mitchell). , , .

- - . : "You might as well stay here a while," Paravicini said. "You can take a nap if you like..." (E. Hemingway). -, . Do what you want, darling. (J. Heller). ( ) , .

- - . : Will you leave your aunt and come and look after me? (D. du Maurier). , . "Now, tell me," she said, "just what do you mean?" (W. Saroyan). .

, - .

 

8. , , 4. , , , , .

, . , - -.

, , - . - -.

, , - (, , ). , , - -.

, , - - , (), (). , , .





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