1. , . , ( ).
. , , ( ), , . , , , - .
, . , , , (un-think-able, some-body . .), , (bread, hill . .). , , , , , .
, . , , , .
2. , , , , , , , . , , , - ( , , ), ( ). - , , , , , , () .
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, , , , , . -, -,? .
, ().
, , . , [Bolinger, 1977; , 1975, . 220 221]. , , . .
, () , , ( ), , ( .). . , -, , . , , [, 1952]. .: a/crowd; must/do; by/then . . , , , . , , , ( ) , . - , ( , , , , ) ( ).
, , , ( ), (- -). , , , , ..
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3. : ( ) , ( ). , .
. , , , , , (), . , -, (, ) , (, ). , . , , - ( ).
, ( , ) , , .
, ( ), , . - , , ( , ), . .: over, overall, overly, once-over, pull-over . .
( ) , ( , .: the children's plays, the oxen's yokes).
, , - , - . - , , . .
, + + + () . (W1) underspecialized (. . 8), (W2) refreshments (. . 9).
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. . unpremeditatedly (. . 10).
.8
.9
. 8. .
: W , Si , St , R , r , L , r .
. 9. ,
St . . . 8.
4. , .
, : - -. - , , . - , , . -, (), - .
- . , ( , ), - . .: He/had/never/take/n/more/than/a/fort/night/s/holi/day/in/the/year/for/a/quart/er/of/a/century.
, , : , , . , : ( ); ( ); ( ); ( ) . . , , , .
. 10. .
, . ( ) ( ) .
( ) . (. ), . , . , , , () , .
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, [-z], [-s], [-Iz] , (-, ; -, ; -, ), , - : - [-Iz] (many houses; Eustace's letter; he excuses); - [-s] (these pets; Ralf's question; he types); - [-z] , (two tyres; Sophy's birthday; he calls).
, , . , [-(q)n] (oxen, children, brethren, kine) [, 1975, . 75 c.].
. ., , [qd'maIq], [,xdmq'r-] ['xdmqr-], admire, admiration, admirable, admirability; [dI'saId], [dI'sIZ-], [dI'saIs-], decide, decision, decisive; [-qbl], [-qbIl-], - probable probability, liable liability . .
: be am is are was were; I me; good better; go went . .
, , , . .
5. . .
, , .
, jocund, , -und; rejoinder, , , -d-; children, , -- . .
, , () . , , , (, , ) (, , ).
, , , -. , : , childr - child, children ( ); joind- joiner, joinder, rejoin, rejoinder . .
, (. [-sIst-], [-zIst-]: consist, resist, persist consistence, resistance, persistence). (, ) .
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, , . , , ; , , .
6. . .
, ; . , , .
, handy ( hand-, ) ( -).
, , , .
, . : 1) [-z, -s, -Iz] ( , , ); 2) [-d, -t, -Id] ( ); 3) -ing ( ); 4) -er, -est ( ).
, ( ), .
: do, be, have, will, shall, would, should, may, might; more, most; to; , - , - .
- , , , , , (, ). , .
, , , - .
7. . .
( ) .
dog dogs, . , ( ) ( ). Æ.
, , (, , ) , [, 1970, . 80 .]. , ( ) ( ). , , , .
, , , , , , . , , - , , . , ( , , .) ( , , .). , (, ). , : -, ( ); -, ( ); -, ( ). . , , .
- . , - . , ( ) () . , , , . , . .
( - ), , - .
-, , . , , , , , , , - .. , , ., ( ), , , , - .
8. . .
() , , () : , , . , , , .
, , (), , [, 2000].
. . , , , , , , ; ( ), , , , , ( , , ); , , . .
, , (, ), . .
9. . ,
() () . , , (.: sing sang sung, man men . .).
, , . , ; , , , ( ) , : - . . .: -, - . . , , , ( ) (. ), , .
( ), , , ; . , , ( ).
10. . .
, () , , , . , , : "be... ing" ( : is taking), "have... en" ( : has taken), "be... en" ( : is taken).
, , , , ( ) . , .
( ; . , , ). , , , , , , , , .