, . , , , . , , : , , , .
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, .
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, , . , , . , - , , , .
( ) - , , , , , , , , , .
, - , , , . , (beats), , , , , , , .
, , , . , . 1990- . ,
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. , , (child abuse).
, :
, , ;
[] (saturated), (numb) ;
;
, .
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. , ( ), , , , , , , - .
; ( ); .
(
6.4.
). , , , , , .
, , , - . - : ( , ), ( [] ). , , , , : , . (limited effects model) , , , .. .
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.
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6.5
, , , , , .
6.5.1
(public), , (. . 2).
6.5.
XVIII ., , , , , , .
: , , , ( ) , . , 1978 . , - 1. -, , . , , , , : , , , ?
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? , , , , , -
1 . // / . . .: Socio-Logos, 1993.
6. ,
. , , , , , , 1.
, , , , . ? , . - , , , . , , , .. -, . , , , .
.. , 2, XX . , , , , 3. , , , , , ,
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1 . . . .:
, 1996. . 242.
2 .. //
, 1970. 7. . 91.
3 . :
. .: , 1987. . 162.
6.5.
. ( ), , , , , , . .
■
6.5.2
.
30-40- XX .1, , , , , . , (19011984), , .
. 18 1901 . , . , , . 1923 . , 1925 . , 1928 . . 1932 . - , .
1 ( - XVIII . , ). 24 1824 . The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian. XIX . (straw polls), , , , , (, , ).
6. ,
. : , , , , . , , , . 1932 . . - Young & Rubicam. ; , , .
, . , : , , . (Harold Anderson), , 1935 . , -, (The American Institute of Public Opinion). . America Speaks .
1930- , , - , , . , (Archibald Crossley, 1896-1985), : ; (Elmo Roper, 1900-1971), ( 1935 . Fortune), , , . 1946 . . (The Roper Center), , . . - .
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1933 .
6.5.
(The Encyclopedia of Social Science) 1937 . Public Opinion Quarterly, .
1936 . . . -, , - XX . -, . -, . . 1939 .. (The Audience Research Institute), ( [The British Institute of Public Opinion] , 1939 .), , . 1941 . (The National Opinion Research Center) , , .
1947 . Gallup International, . , 20 , . Gallup International 55 , . 1948 . . (Claude Robinson) Gallup & Robinson, Inc., . 200 . .
1916 ., (Literary Digest) . 1920 . 11 ; 1924 . 16,5 , 18 . , ,
6. ,
. 1932 . : 20 3 . 0,9%. .
1936 . 10 . 2- (Alfred Landon) (57:43).
. , . . , , . . , 12 1936 ., .. , , 56% . (44%). , . , . , , , . : 3 . , , , , .
56% . 44% . 62,5% . , -, , , -, 6,8%, (20%). . (54% . ) . (62%).
, , . . , , . , , .
. , : - . , -
6.5.
, . , -, 1896 ., , : How's the market doing?. 1930- , , , .
16- . 15 , , , . , 1936 1952 ., 3,8%. , , , 1948 ., . , (Thomas Dewey), (Harry Truman). , .
-, : 2 7 . 1936, 1940 1944 ., . , , , . -, . . : , , 350 , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , : 14% 74% .
6. ,