60 /. :
) 320 360?
) 298 ( = 48 /)?
| : ) : = = = 1,09 |
103 ,
=101,09 = 12,3 ;
) :
= 2,11
= 102,11 = 129.
:
) 320 360 12,3 ;
) 129 .
1. 293 8 3 , 303 13 3 . 740 . . . 293 17,54 . ., 303 - 31,82 . .
-? | : Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2↑ (5.3) |
:
,/(2) (5.4)
- ;
S , 2;
τ , .
( ):
= : = (5.5)
-
P V = n R T, P = ( P ),
(P P )V = n R T, (5.6)
, . . ;
P - , . . .;
V - , 3;
- , ;
R - .
(5.6) n = ( P ) V / R T (5.7)
(5.7) 1 2 (5.5),
= :
=
= 31834 / =
= 31,83 /
: = 31,83 /.
2. , :
2SO2() + O2() <=> 2SO3(), ΔrH0(298K) = -284,2 , :
) , ) SO3, ) . . .
: =-284,2 , , | : (5.8) (5.9): |
, (5.8) . (5.9)
|
|
) :
-2,3RTlgKP = ΔrH0(298K) T . ΔrS0(298K),
. ΔrH0(298K). ΔrH0(298K)<0,
, .
, , . 2SO2() + O2() <=> 2SO3() (→).
) . SO3 () (), , .. (←).
) , .
()
= 2()
, (→).
3. 4NH3() +3O2() <=> 2N2() + 6H2O(), NH3() O2() 6,0 5,0 /, N2() 1,8 /.
| : . (5.11) . |
. , .. .
. : (: : : = 4:3:2:6).
, , :
4NH3 + 3O2 <=> 2N2 + 6H2O | |||||
, / | 6,0 | 5,0 | |||
-, / | - 4 | - 3 | -, / | + 2 | + 6 |
, / | 6,0-4 | 5,0-3 | 2 | 6 |
N2 1,8 /. [N2] = 2. , 2 = 1,8,
= 0,9. , /:
[NH3] = 6,0-4·0,9 = 2,4 /,
[O2] = 5,0-3·0,9 = 2,3 /,
[N2] = 1,8 /,
[H2O] = 6,0·0,9 = 5,4 /.
=198,95.
: K = 198,95.
6. -
1. ) , ) , 0,1 () 500 .
|
|
=0,52 /, = 1,86 /
| : ) : t - = + = = 1000 + , ∆t = cm (), cm() , /. |
cm() = , (6.1)
- , .
= ,
cm() = =
/,
= 342 /
= 0,52∙0,21 = 0,110
= 1000 + 0,110 = 100,110
) :
= - = 00 - ,
= cm (),
= 1,86∙0,21 = 0,390
= 00 - 0,390 = -0,390
: = 100,110 = - 0,390
2. 100 2,3 . 250 , 618,5 . . 1,05 /3.
| π = ∙R∙T, (6.2) m , , /. R = 8,314 ∙/(∙) = 273 + to V- = m-/ρ- = (mB + m )/ρ- = = 97,43 3 = 0,097 |
= = 94,98 /
:
94,98 /.
3. , 10 CO(NH2)2, 298 3,066 . 3,166 .
: (6.3) |
- , ;
- , .
= =
=
= 12 + 16 + 2(14 + 2) = 60 /.
= = 5,11 18 = 91,98
: = 91,98 .
1. 0,05 (ρ = 1,041 /3) 301, 3,78 . 0,85.
| : : , (6.4) |
- , ,
- CaCl2,
i .
α = , i = α (-1) + 1 (6.5)
α CaCl2
,
CaCl2.
CaCl2 = a2+ + 2Cl-
= 3
i = 0,85(3-1)+1 = 2,7
, /, (6.6)
o ,
= 111 /
1
m- = V-·ρ = 1000∙1,041 = 1041.
= 3,78∙ = 3,77 .
: 3,77 .
2. 1,5% 250. 1,015 /3. 0,9.
| : π = i∙ ∙R∙T, (6.7) α = ; i = α(-1)+1 |
α - ,
,
Na2CO3
Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + CO32-
= 3, i = 0,9(3-1)+1 = 2,8
- Na2CO3, /
= , /
100 1,5%- 1,5 Na2CO3
V- = = = 98,53 = 0,0985 .
= = 0,144 /
π = 2,8∙0,144∙8,314∙298 = 998,96
: 1,5% Na2CO3 998,96 .
3. , 1,5% () (-0,690).
|
|
=1,86 ·/.
| : α = , , AlCl3 |
AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3Cl- = 4
∆t = i∙ ∙m(AlCl3), (6.8)
m(AlCl3) = , /
100 1,5%- 1,5 AlCl3 98,5 .
m(AlCl3) = = 0,114 /,
= 133,5 /
= 3,25
α = = 0,75 (75%)
: AlCl3 0,75(75%).
7.
1. :
) 0,02 HCl; ) 0,2 KOH
: cHCl = 0,02 cKOH = 0,2 |
pH -? |
:
) HCl = H+ + Cl- (7.1)
= - lg c
c = clαn ,
HCl - , α = 1;
n - +, l;
n = 1, c = c = 0,02 / = 210-2 /.
= - lg 210-2 = 1,7.
) KOH = + + -, (7.2)
= 14 - ; = - lg c ;
c = c αn ,
- , α = 1;
n - -, , n = 1,
c = cKOH = 210-1 /, = - lg (210-1) = 0,7
= 14 - 0,7 = 13,3.
: 0,02 HCl 1,7;
0,2 13,3.