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60 /. :
) 320 360?
) 298 ( = 48 /)?

: = 60 /, ) 1 = 320, 2 = 360, ) = 298, = 48 / ) -? ) -?

: ) : = = = 1,09    

103 ,

=101,09 = 12,3 ;

) :

= 2,11

= 102,11 = 129.

:

) 320 360 12,3 ;

) 129 .

 

 

1. 293 8 3 , 303 13 3 . 740 . . . 293 17,54 . ., 303 - 31,82 . .

: 1 = 293 , 2 = 303 , = 8 3, = 13 3, P = 21,07 .. P =31,82 .. P = 740 ..   τ -?


-?

: Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 (5.3)  

 

:

,/(2) (5.4)

- ;

S , 2;

τ , .

( ):

= : = (5.5)

-

P V = n R T, P = ( P ),

(P P )V = n R T, (5.6)

, . . ;

P - , . . .;

V - , 3;

- , ;

R - .

(5.6) n = ( P ) V / R T (5.7)

(5.7) 1 2 (5.5),

= :

=

= 31834 / =

= 31,83 /

: = 31,83 /.

2. , :

2SO2() + O2() <=> 2SO3(), ΔrH0(298K) = -284,2 , :

) , ) SO3, ) . . .

: =-284,2 , , : (5.8) (5.9):

, (5.8) . (5.9)

) :

-2,3RTlgKP = ΔrH0(298K) T . ΔrS0(298K),

. ΔrH0(298K). ΔrH0(298K)<0,

, .

, , . 2SO2() + O2() <=> 2SO3() (→).

) . SO3 () (), , .. (←).

) , .

 

 

()

= 2()

, (→).

3. 4NH3() +3O2() <=> 2N2() + 6H2O(), NH3() O2() 6,0 5,0 /, N2() 1,8 /.

: , /, /, [N2] = 1,8 /   K -?

: . (5.11) .

. , .. .

. : (: : : = 4:3:2:6).

, , :

 

  4NH3 + 3O2 <=> 2N2 + 6H2O
, /   6,0   5,0      
-, /   - 4   - 3 -, /     + 2   + 6
, / 6,0-4 5,0-3   2 6

 

N2 1,8 /. [N2] = 2. , 2 = 1,8,

= 0,9. , /:

[NH3] = 6,0-4·0,9 = 2,4 /,

[O2] = 5,0-3·0,9 = 2,3 /,

[N2] = 1,8 /,

[H2O] = 6,0·0,9 = 5,4 /.

=198,95.

: K = 198,95.

 

6. -

1. ) , ) , 0,1 () 500 .

=0,52 /, = 1,86 /

: m- = 500 = 0,52/ = 1,86 /   -? -?

: ) : t - = + = = 1000 + , ∆t = cm (), cm() , /.

 

cm() = , (6.1)

- , .

= ,

cm() = =

/,

= 342 /

= 0,52∙0,21 = 0,110

= 1000 + 0,110 = 100,110

) :

= - = 00 - ,

= cm (),

= 1,86∙0,21 = 0,390

= 00 - 0,390 = -0,390

: = 100,110 = - 0,390

2. 100 2,3 . 250 , 618,5 . . 1,05 /3.

: mB = 2,3 t = 250C = 100 π = 618,5 ρ- = 1,05/3   -?

π = ∙R∙T, (6.2) m , , /. R = 8,314 ∙/(∙) = 273 + to V- = m-- = (mB + m )/ρ- = = 97,43 3 = 0,097

= = 94,98 /

:

94,98 /.

3. , 10 CO(NH2)2, 298 3,066 . 3,166 .

  : (6.3)

 

- , ;

- , .

= =

=

= 12 + 16 + 2(14 + 2) = 60 /.

= = 5,11 18 = 91,98

: = 91,98 .

1. 0,05 (ρ = 1,041 /3) 301, 3,78 . 0,85.

: / T = 301 ρ = 1,041 /3 α = 0,85 o = 3,78   -?

: :   , (6.4)

- , ,

- CaCl2,

i .

α = , i = α (-1) + 1 (6.5)

α CaCl2

,

CaCl2.

CaCl2 = a2+ + 2Cl-

= 3

i = 0,85(3-1)+1 = 2,7

, /, (6.6)

o ,

= 111 /

1

m- = V-·ρ = 1000∙1,041 = 1041.

= 3,78∙ = 3,77 .

: 3,77 .

2. 1,5% 250. 1,015 /3. 0,9.

: = 1,5% t = 250 ρ = 1,015 /3 α = 0,9   π -?

: π = i∙ ∙R∙T, (6.7) α = ; i = α(-1)+1

α - ,

,

Na2CO3

Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + CO32-

= 3, i = 0,9(3-1)+1 = 2,8

- Na2CO3, /

= , /

100 1,5%- 1,5 Na2CO3

V- = = = 98,53 = 0,0985 .

= = 0,144 /

π = 2,8∙0,144∙8,314∙298 = 998,96

: 1,5% Na2CO3 998,96 .

3. , 1,5% () (-0,690).

=1,86 ·/.

: = 1,5% t - = -0,690 =1,86·/   α -?

: α = , , AlCl3

 

AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3Cl- = 4

∆t = i∙ m(AlCl3), (6.8)

m(AlCl3) = , /

100 1,5%- 1,5 AlCl3 98,5 .

m(AlCl3) = = 0,114 /,

= 133,5 /

= 3,25

α = = 0,75 (75%)

: AlCl3 0,75(75%).

 

7.

1. :

) 0,02 HCl; ) 0,2 KOH

 

: cHCl = 0,02 cKOH = 0,2
pH -?

:

) HCl = H+ + Cl- (7.1)

= - lg c

c = clαn ,

HCl - , α = 1;

n - +, l;

n = 1, c = c = 0,02 / = 210-2 /.

= - lg 210-2 = 1,7.

) KOH = + + -, (7.2)

= 14 - ; = - lg c ;

c = c αn ,

- , α = 1;

n - -, , n = 1,

c = cKOH = 210-1 /, = - lg (210-1) = 0,7

= 14 - 0,7 = 13,3.

: 0,02 HCl 1,7;

0,2 13,3.





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