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I
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2015
546.66.015
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/ - I . - .: , 2015
, . , .
: .. , ...,
;
.. , ...,
546.66.015
.. .
: , . , 2.
, (. 1).
, .
, .
. .
:
) ( 1 );
) 10%, (2 );
) . . ( 1 ) . ( 4 ). . , . , 10 .
. 4 : , . .
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, .
, , . . , - 0 .
.
1.
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 |  | ||
NO, CO, SiO, N2O
::
Li2O - ; 23 - ;
MgO - ; 2 - (IV);
n - (II). Mn27 - (VII)
FeO (II) CrO3 (VI)
BeO - ; ZnO - ;
Al2O3 - ; SnO - (II);
Cr2O3 - (III); PbO - (II).
:
:
CaO + 2 = O3
u + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2;
Na2O +H2O=2NaOH;
u + H2  Cu + 2
| : 2 + u = uO3 2 + NaO = NaHCO3 2 + ()2 = = 3↓ + 2 SO3 + 2 = H2SO4; |
:
ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2O;
ZnO + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O;
ZnO + 2 NaOH + H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4];
Al23 + 6HCI = 2A1CI3 +3H2O;
123 + Na2CO3 
2NaAlO2 + CO2;
123 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O.
123 + 2NaOH + 3 H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4]
| LiOH - ; NaOH - ; - ; RbOH - ; CsOH - ; ()2 - ; Sr(OH)2 - ; ()2 - ; | Fe(OH)2- (II); Mg(OH)2 - : Zn(OH)2 = H2ZnO2 1()3 = 3lO3 = lO2 + 2 - - |
Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O.
+HCl = KCl + H2O;
()2 + CO2 = CaCO3↓ + H2O;
2NaOH + CuSO4 = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4;
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O;
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O;
Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH Na3AlO3 + 3H2O;
Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4];
Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH = Na3[Al(OH)6];
|
 | |||
 | |||
| HF - HCl - ; HJ - ; - ; H2S - ; HCN - . HSCN - | H3B3 - ; HB2 - 23 - ; H4SiO4 - , H2SiO3 - NO3 - ; HNO2 - ; 34 - ; 3 - ; H2SO4 - ; 2S - ; n4 - ; ClO4 - ; CH3COOH - ; HCOOH |
|
|
|
:
21 + O3 = aCI2 + H2O + CO2↑;
2HC1 + Zn = ZnCI2 + H2↑;
H2SO4 + CuO = CuSO4 + H2O;
H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 = BaSO4↓ + 2H2O;
H2SO4 + K2SiO3 = H2SiO3↓ + K2SO4;
HC1 + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + HNO3.
H2 SiO3 H2O + SiO2
H2SO3 = H2O + SO2
 | |||
 | |||
| 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O; K2SO3 ; Na2SO4 - ; Ni(NO3)2 - (II); Fe(NO2)3 (III); K2S - ; NH4Cl . a3(PO4)2 ; PO3 ; Na2SiO3 | Fe(OH)3 + 2HNO3 = = FeOH(NO3)2 + 2H2O (CuOH)2SO4 - (II); Fe(OH)2NO3 (III); ZnOHl . |
|
 |
2H3O4 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(H2PO4)2 + 2H2O
KHSO3 - ;
1(24)3 -
Ca(HCO3)2 ;
NaHS ;
SrHPO4 .
1.1. .
| HBO2 | BO2- | |
| H3BO3 | BO33- | |
| 2SO4 | SO42- | |
| H2 SO3 | SO32- | |
| HNO3 | NO3- | |
| HNO2 | NO2- | |
| H2CO3 | CO32- | |
| H2SiO3 | SiO32- | |
| H3PO4 | PO43- | |
| HPO3 | PO3- | |
| HMnO4 | MnO4- | |
| HF | F- | |
| Hl | Cl- | |
| HBr | Br- | |
| HI | I- | |
| H2S | S2- | |
| HCN | CN- | |
| CH3COOH | CH3COO- | |
| HCOOH | HCOO- |
Hg(NO3)2 + Zn = Zn(NO3)2 + Hg;
CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4;
Fe(NO3)2 + H2S = FeS↓ + 2HNO3;
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl;
KHSO4+ KOH = K2S04 + H2O;
CuOHCl + HCl = CuCI2 + H2O;
CuSO4·5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O.
.
1. .
; 2; N2, 2, Na, Cu, Fe, Hg, S, P, B .
2. (-2).
: +2-2,S+4O2-2 ..
: +2 F2-1 - (+2), - (-1),
: 2+1 2-1, Ca+2 O2-1.
3. (+ 1).
: H2+1S-2, N-3H3+1, 2+1-2, K+1O-2H+1, Na+1H+1C+4O 
.
: Ca+2H2-1; Na+1H-1; (-1).
4. IA, II IIIA .. c (+1), (+2) (+3) (. .1.2).
: Na2+1O-2; Sr+2O-2; Al2+3O3-2.
5. , , . , NO3, (-2) (+1): H+1N3-2
(+1) + +(-2)3 = 0; = +5
2+1Cr27-2:
(+1) 2 + 2 + (-2)7 = 0 = +6
6. , :
|
|
|
K+1Mn+7O4-2; H2+1Mn+6O4-2; Mn+4O2-2.
1.2. ,
| I | II | III | IV | V | VI |
| H+ | |||||
| Li+1 | Be+2 | B+3 | O-2 | ||
| Na+1 | Mg+2 | Al+3 | |||
| K+1 | Ca+2 Zn+2 | Sc+3 | |||
| Rb+1 Ag+1 | Sr+2 Cd+2 | ||||
| Cs+1 | Ba+2 | ||||
| Fr+1 | Ra+2 |
1. ) : , Mn(OH)2, H2SO4, KHS, Na2CO3, FeOH(NO3)2.
) : (IV), , ,
:
) +2-2 - (II),
Mn+2 (O-2H+1)2 - (II),
+12S+4O-23 - ,
+1+1S-2 - ,
Na2+1+4-23 - ,
Fe+3O-2H+1(N+5O-23)2 - (III).
) (IV) - PbO2,
- Li2SO4,
ZnOHCl
Al(H2PO4)3
1. Na2CO3H2O, 1,43 0,53 . 200 98,2 .
:
| :
:
Na2CO3nH2O  Na2CO3 +nH2O↑ (1.1)
( ), :
|
|
= 1,43 - 0,53 = 0,9
n (1.1)
,
= 
= 
Na2CO310H2O
= 273 + 200 = 473 = 98,2 -
, V 3, m , 
/, R 8,314 /,
.
: : Na2CO3·102; 
2. (% .), (15 ) . , 80 . .
:
MgO MgCO3
m  = 15
m  = 80
| :
  + 
 .
 .
|
ω  -? ω  -?
|
MgCO3 
MgO + CO2
n = 
( MgCO3) 
( MgCO3) = 
= 
= 7,17
= 24,3 + 16 = 40,3 /
= 24,3 + 12 + 163 = 84,3 /
Mg
, ,
3MgO(.) + 2H3PO4 = Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
→ 
mMgO() = 
= 40,3 /, 
= 262,9 /
mMgO() = mMgO() mMgO ( MgCO 
) = 36,79 7,17 = 29,62
m = mMgO() + = 29,62 + 15 = 44,62
ω = 
.
ω = 100 66,38 = 33,62% .
3. 1,8 () HCl 400 3 CO2, NaHCO3 288 730 .. 288 12,79 .. 3 .
:
 
| :
, , 3 HCl CO2, ( )
(1.4):
|
3 +2HCl=CaCl2 + H2O+CO2↑ (1.4)
|
|
|
VM(CO2) = 22400 c3/
(1.5)
- 2, .
:
- 2, 2 NaHCO3,
= + 
,
.. 
o = 273 ,
o = 760 . .,
= 
3 (1.5):
= 
,
: 3 88,89%.
2. .
1. (III) :
) ;
) (III).
(III).
| :
(FeCl3) =  , /
 - ,
-.
):
|
) FeCl3 + NaOH = FeOHCl2 + NaCl
:
= 
= 162,5 /
) FeCl3 + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
= 
= 54,17 /
:) = 106,8 /
) = 54,17 /
2. 7,2 2,24 , .. . .
| :
 = 11,2 /
|
2,24
(.) -?
() -? -?
() = 
= 
= 36 /
() = () + ()
() = () () = 36 - 8 = 28 /
= ()
= 1 = 28 /. .. . = 2 = 56 /. , - Fe
: () = 36 /, () = 28 /, Fe
3. 0,493 AgNO3. 0,86 AgCl. .
| :
:
 ..
 = 
 = 
|
= 0,494
= 0,95
M(Me) -?
Me -?
, .. 1.
(AgCl) = 
= 108 + 35,5 = 143,5 /
= 
= 74,62 /
= 
+ 
/
= 
-
= 74,62 35,5 = 39,12 /.
= . = = 1, = 39,12 /, .
: = 39,12 /, -
1. 16,25 6,52 , 298 730 . . . 298 23,76 . .
| :
 = 
() =  =
=  = 11,2 /
|
=16,25
= 2
6,52
= 298
= 730 .
: = 273 , = 760 ..
= 
+ 
; = -
= 5,55
() = 
=32,79 /
() = 
, /,
= () ∙ = 32,79 ∙ 2 = 65,58 /, .
: (Zn) = 32,79 /, Zn
2. 3,79 , 293 740 .. 39,43 . . .
 
| :
n () = n(2)
() = 
 /
|
3,79
= 293
= 740 ..
() -?
() -?
-?
: = 273 , = 760 ..
= 
= 3,44 .
() = 
64,2 /
() = () + ()
() = () - ()
() = 64,2 8 = 56,2 /
= () ∙ . = 1, = 56,2 /. .. . = 2, = 112,4 /. , -
: () = 64,2 /
() = 56,2 /
Cd
3. (III) :
) (III);
) (III);
) (III).
(III). (III), 3,65 .
|
|
|
| :
(.) =  , /
 - ,
.
), ) ):
|
= 3,65
Fe(OH)3
M[Fe(OH)3] -?
) HCl + Fe(OH)3 = Fe(OH)2Cl + H2O
= 
= 106,8 /
) 2HCl + Fe(OH)3 = FeOHCl2 + 2H2O
M[Fe(OH)3] = 
53,4 /
) 3HCl + Fe(OH)3 = FeCl3 + 3H2O
M[Fe(OH)3] = 
35,6 /.
:
, .. 
()
,
/
M[Fe(OH)3] = 35,6 ,
:)M[Fe(OH)3] = 106,8 /
) M[Fe(OH)3] = 53,4 /
) M[Fe(OH)3] = 35,6 /.
.
3.
A
1. FeCl3 : FeCl3 + 2NaOH = Fe(OH)2Cl + 2NaCl. (III), 200 3 0,1 (III).
|
FeCl3
(FeCl3) =  , /
|
-?
(FeCl3) = 
, /
- l-, -;
(FeCl3) - (III), /,
- (III), /
= 2, 2 -
= 0,1 200 10-3 81,25 = 1,625
(FeCl3) = 
= 81,25 /.
10-3 3 .
: = 1,625 .
2. 800 3 25%- 1,2 /3?
:
 = 800 c3
 25% .
 = 1,2 /3
| :
MgCl2 :
|
 ?
|
m- = V-ρ- = 8001,2 = 960 .
: 
: 
3. (II), 800 3 0,3 (II).
:
V- = 800 3
 = 0,3
| :
uSO4 :
 /
|
|
:
(II), /.
= 64 + 32 + 64 = 160 /
· 
= 0,316080010-3 = 38,4
10-3 - 3 .
: 38,4 .
