M mn m´n () .
7. , .
= + , = + .
, :
.
+ = + M mn.
( + ) + = + ( + ) , , M mn.
, , . Ÿ ( + = ).
- , , + (- ) = , .. (- ) . , .
8. ( ) l , , l.
, =l×.
:
.
1× = M mn.
0× = M mn.
(l×g)× = l×(g× ) M mn l g.
(l + g)× = l× + g× M mn l g.
l×( + ) = l× + l× M mn l.
- n- , |l | = ln×| |.
.
9. 1 + 2 + +n . , = 1 + 2 + +n.
:
10. , 20. .
10.
.
:
10. = ; 20. = .
m´n n´ . , : - q- , - q- , .. q = (11).
m´ .
1.
= .
2. .
× × , .
3. × = ,
× = .
× × , × ¹ ×. , . :
|
|
10. (×) × × (×) , (×) × = × (×).
20. ( + )× , ( + )× = × + ×.
30. × , (l ) × = l×(×).
3.4. .
. n- .
7. .
. = , = .
= | . , n . | |= | |×| |. , , . (n +1)- 1- , , 2- , , , n- , . |
(n +1)- n ×, .
1 = | (n +2)- .. , 1. ×. , | 1 | = | |. 1 , ( ) n . | | = (-1)n×(-1)×| × |, = 1 + 2 + + n + + (n + 1) + + 2n = (2n + 1)×n. (2n + 1)×n + + n = 2(n + 1), | | = | |. , | | = | |×| | (12). |
| | ¹ 0, , | | = 0, . 7 , , , .
= . , × = × , , . , | | = 1.
11. , ×= , × = .
, . , ( 7) | |×| | = | |×| | = 1, .. .
, . * : - - *, .. * = . * . ,
×*= *× = = | |× .
| | ¹ 0, = × = × = , .. . -1. ,
8. .
|
|
-1= (13)
4. , = .
. | | = 10 + 12 + 0 0 + 4 + 12 = 36.
, . 11 = = 14, 12 = = - 6, 13 = = 3, 21 = = 8, 22 = = 2, 23 = = -1, 31 = = 28, 32 = = 16, 33 = = 11. 8, -1 = .