1.
1. manure is very heavy, a comparatively light frame is required.
a. Because of
b. Although
c. Since
2. The chain is the method of driving the beaters on ground-driven manure spreaders.
a. favourite
b. common
c. mainly
3. Fertilizer attachments have been designed to work most tractor planters.
a. in conjunction with
b. according to
c. owing to
4. The equipment for applying fertilizers consists mainly of tankers for transport, holding tanks for temporary storage and distributors.
a. gaseous
b. pelleted
c. liquid
5. Farmers have to use spraying equipment to insect pests and plant diseases.
a. brake
b. control
c. promote
2.
1. The ground-driven manure spreader by sprockets and chain from the wheels supporting the spreader.
a. operates
b. to operate
c. is operated
2. The bottom and sides of the manure spreader box of wood.
a. may be made
b. may make
c. made
3. Fertilizer attachments available for most-mounted planters and cultivators.
a. to be
b. is
c. are
4. Fertilizer attachments consist of a specially constructed hopper a partition extending lengthwise.
a. have
b. having
c. has
5. The pressure the liquid through the nozzles.
a. forces
b. force
c. forced
3 ?
1. The spray pressure is built up by the direct action of the pump on the liquid spray material.
a) What is the function of the pump?
b) How is the liquid material sprayed?
c) How is the spray pressure achieved?
2. High volume sprayers are usually trailed machines.
a) What is the volume of the sprayers?
b) What kind of machines are high volume sprayers?
c) What machines are usually needed to carry the sprayers?
3. Barnyard manure is worked into the soil either by plowing or by dish harrow.
a) What machines do usually work in conjunction with disk harrows and plows?
b) How is barnyard manure placed into the soil?
c) What instruments is barnyard manure broadcast with over the land?
4.The lower beater is placed just to the rear of the conveyor to beat, tear up and spread the manure from the rear of the spreader.
a)Where is the manure placed?
b) What kind of beaters are used in the spreader?
c) What is the lower beater placed to the rear of the conveyor for?
5. A typical pump in a liquid fertilizer distributor is capable of delivering over 100 gallons per minute through several nozzles in the boom.
a) How many gallons of liquid fertilizers is needed to cover an acre of land?
b) How is the capacity of the pump measured?
c) What is the capacity of a typical pump?
4. .
1. Special equipment in required for the handling of the liquid fertilizers, which are applied to the soil and crop in various ways at different stages of culture.
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a) , .
b) , .
c) .
2. The pressure forces the liquid through the nozzles, which break the spray into the proper size droplets and disperse them in the spray pattern desired.
a) , .
b) , .
c) , .
3. As the conveyor moves, it carries the manure to the rear of the machine, where it comes into contact with the beaters.
a) , .
b) , , .
c) , , .
4. Sufficient energy is imparted to the spray droplets to carry them from the nozzle to the surface to be treated.
a) , .
b) , , .
c) , , .
5. Most hydraulic sprayers are equipped with positive displacement pumps capable of developing the pressure in the range required for many spray jobs.
a) , , .
b) , .
c) , , .
5. .
, , . , . . , . 4.10, . .
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. , , , , , ( , ).
UNIT 10
TEXT A
ENGINEERING WHATS IT ALL ABOUT?
Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is putting ideas into action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports etc. Electrical engineering dcals witt the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications.
Electrical engineering includes generating, electric installation, lighting etc Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration and lifts. Electrical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals etc, and the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes.
Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of goods and machines. Mechanical engineers design, develops, and makes the machines and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving foods and drinks that fill the supermarkets.
The main responsibilities of an engineer of agricultural production are as follows: to work with different types of farm machinery; to repair any part of a tractor, a combine and other types of farm machines; to debug and investigate faults; to estimate the productivity of the farm.
The result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering specialties. This growth in the member of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear and electronic engineering.
WORD LIST
engineering
civil engineering
electrical engineering
mechanical engineering
be concerned with
deal with
generate
generation
distribution
application
installation
maintenance
equipment
design
manufacture
develop
responsibility
repair
debug
investigate
faults
estimate
expansion
establishment
1. :
to involve practical activity
responsibility generation and distribution of electricity
to repair provide services
to debug maintenance of the equipment
fault manufacture of goods
knowledge agricultural production
establishment to estimate productivity
design rapid expansion
2. . .
to act to develop
to generate to process
to distribute to prepare
to apply to repair
to install to investigate
to produce to estimate
to maintain to expand
to design to grow
to manufacture to establish
3. .
4. , .
5. , -, - . .
6. .
1. what is engineering?
2. what is civil engineering concerned with?
3. what services do electrical engineers provide?
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4. what do mechanical engineers deal with?
5. what can an agricultural engineer do?
TEXT B
DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences as physics and mathematics Many of the larly branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience. Fames Walt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amorent of work his machines could perform.
Since the 19th couture both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the advantages that result from complex interaction of many different mechanizes. An engineer has now stronger materials to work with and new sources of power.
During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient. Mud, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. Thin led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the 18th century.
The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of work in the world.
WORD LIST
observe
observation
experience
devise
concept
escalate
ability
calculate
advantage
result from
interaction
source
power
seek
device
widespread
1. .
1. haw engineering can be defined;
2. what James Watt was; what concept he devised;
3. what advantages a mechanical engineer got since the escalation of scientific research;
4. what led to the Industrial Revolution?
5. What the Industrial Revolution began with;
2. . .
1. Engineering is often defined as a theoretical science.
2. The concept of horsepower makes people understand the amount of work machines can perform.
3. Engineers can rely on new sources of power.
4. The Industrial Revolution began by curenting new energy sources: electrically, gasoline efe.
3. 1 2 .
TEXT C
WORD LIST
advance
technique
manufacturing process
assembly line
conveyor belt
perform
efficiency
slow dour
pipe music
entail
1. :
a) 20 ?
b) ?
c) ?
