1. .
1. In agriculture, harrow is an....... for cultivating the surface of the soil.
a) implement
b) vehicle
c) unit
2........ is used in farming to remove weeds and to cover seed after sowing.
a) plowing
b) harrowing
c) planting
3........ are used after plowing to pulverize the soil and put it in better tilth for the planting of seeds.
a) drills
b) furrows
c) disk harrows
4........ are designed for tractors having a three-point hitch and hydraulic lift systems.
a) mounted disk harrows
b) trailing disk harrows
c) chain harrows
5. The heaviest..... have iron frames and longer tines, so that they have a greater penetration in hard land.
a) sizes
b) makes
c) harrows
2. .
1. Harrows may be of several types and sizes...... on the intended purpose.
a) depend
b) depending
c) depended
2. The purpose of harrowing is...... clods of soil to make it firm.
a) broke up
b) break up
c) to break up
3. There are many types of disk harrows, but all of them..... into 2 classes.
a) can be divided
b) is divided
c) divide
4. Mounted disk harrows are designed...... with machines equipped with a three-point hitch.
a) using
b) to be used
c) to use
5. The lightest type is used for... grass seeds and consists of a frame and iron teeth.
a) cover
b) covers
c) covering
3.
.
1. Harrowing is often carried out on fields after plowing operations.
a) What is the function of harrowing?
b) What is plowing?
c) What is often carried out on fields after plowing operations?
2. Harrow consists of a frame, disk, teeth, linked chains or other means of cultivation.
a) What are the main parts of harrows?
b) What is frame used for?
c) Are there disks, teeth, different means of cultivation?
3. When seeds are sown broadcast harrows are used to cover them.
a) When are seeds sown broadcast?
b) What are harrows used for?
c) How are seed sown?
4. Zigzag harrows are constructed in many different sizes and weights for different purposes.
a) What are zigzag harrows constructed for?
b) What are zigzag harrows?
c) Are there many different types and sizes of harrows?
5. The heavier models of harrows have iron frames and longer tines for greater penetration in the land.
a) What are heavier models used for?
b) What is the function of harrows?
c) What parts do the heavier models of harrows have?
4. .
1. Chain harrows are often used for covering the seeds, while disk harrows perform heavy work.
a) , .
b) , .
c) .
2. Harrows may be of several types and sizes, depending on the intended purpose.
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a) , .
b) .
c) , .
3. Disk harrows are used for the cultivation of crops, also they are used for summer fallowing.
a) / .
b) / , .
c) / , .
4. One should know that the heavier makes have iron frames and longer tines to penetrate in the land.
a) , .
b) , .
c) , .
5. It should be remembered that they may be equipped with a lift which raises and lowers harrows.
a) , , .
b) , , .
c) , , .
5. .
/ , .
. / , . . , , , . , , , .
, .
2 : . .
UNIT 7
TEXT A
COMBINE
Combine is an agricultural machine that performs both harvesting and threshing operations The idea of such a machine is rather old. The combine was in existence as early as 1830, but the practical production of combines began at the end of the last century.
Early combines were traction-powered and drawn by horses. Some of them were quite large. Later combines were driven by steam and internal-combustion engines.
Self-propelled units appeared in the 1940s and have been adopted worldwide. Modern units have dust-free, air-conditioned cabs and can handle more than 100 acres of grain per day.
Originally developed for cereal grains, the combine has been adapted to legumes, forage grasses, sorghum and corn. The basic operations of a combine include cutting and gathering crops, threshing the seed from the stem, separating the chaff, collecting the seed in a hopper for delivery to a truck and returning the straw to the ground.
Todays combines are self-propelled and use diesel engines for power. They harvest, thresh and clean grain plants. The combines have replaced the reaper; the binder, which cut and bound a harvested crop into bundles ready for threshing and the thresher.
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WORD LIST
threshing
traction power
steam
draw (drew, drawn) ,
air conditioned
chaff
stem
to cut
to separate
hopper
truck
self propelled
straw
reaper
binder
bundle
thresher
1.
.
to perform in existence
harvesting to drive
cereal grain to collect the seed
to adapt delivery
legume power
threshing operation internal combustion engine
2. .
to propel, to replace, to draw, to perform, to carry out, to power, to substitute.
3. ,
.
to power to use
to drive to return to substitute
to combine to seed
4. ,
.
.
as early as 1830 to develop for cereal grains
to be traction powered to use diesel engine
self-propelled units
5. ,
.
6. ,
.
.
7.
.
1. What is combine?
2. When did the practical production of combines begin?
3. What were combines driven by?
4. What has the combine been adapted to?
5. What are the basic operations of a combine?
6. What has the combine replaced?
TEXT B
GRAIN COMBINES
The combine is adapted to harvest all small grains, soybeans and rice as well as many other crops.
Grain combines thresh the standing grain, clean it and move over the field. The desired result is the seed (such as flax) or grain (such as oats, wheat or rye); a byproduct is straw, the remaining husk of the plant with nutrients removed. There are two general types of grain combines: the pull or tractor-drawn and the self-propelled ones.
The basic operational functions are following:
cutting the standing grain;
feeding the cut grain to the cylinder;
threshing the grain from the stem;
separating the grain from the straw;
cleaning the grain by removing chaff and other foreign materials;
removing the grain from the combine to tank and from tank to truck.
Grain combine being a self-propelled machine is powered by an engine. Thats why it is important to pay attention to all components of grain combines. They must be clean and their moving parts must run freely.
At the end of the season these machines must be examined and cleaned again. Any worn part must be replaced and the combine must be ready for next harvesting season.
WORD LIST
pull (tractor-drawn)
feed
remove ,
flax
oats
wheat
rye
byproduct
husk
nutrient
tank ,
to pay attention
moving parts
freely
1. :
1. what the combine is adapted to;
2. how many types of grain combines there are;
3. what the basic operational functions are;
4. what grain combine is;
5. what is important for grain combines.
2. , ,
.
.
1. Grain combines harvest all small grains, soybeans and rice as well as many other crops.
2. There are many types of combines, tractor-drawn and self-propelled ones being general.
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3. The main functions of grain combines are only harvesting and threshing grain.
4. Combine is a self-propelled machine, powered by an engine.
5. It is not important to pay attention to the engine of combines and to clean them carefully.
3. 1 2,
.
TEXT C
COMBINE MODELS (HARVESTERS)
Different farms are supplied with new types of farm machines, which have been put into mass production. More than 40.000 of new combine harvesters will be produced for agriculture. Tests have shown that the DON 1500 model is better with tall grain crops than the SKP-5M-1Niva. New self-propelled combine harvesters the KZS-3RUS, Yenisei-950 are manufactured at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk plants.SKP-7Kuban combine harvesters have got a good reputation not only in our country but also in many other ones. The SK-5M-1 Niva combine harvester has many advantages. Its capacity is 7.2 tons of grain per hour. The SK-5M-1 Niva has a four-cylinder four-stroke 100-hp turbo diesel engine. There are several types of it for various crops.
More powerful combines Don-1500B are used in different soil and climatic conditions for different crops, growing in the fields of our country.
Enisei-1200M grain harvester is used for harvesting crops on small areas in districts with excessive humidity. This model will be put into serial production.
New combines will be produced for sugar beet, maize and potato harvesting. Among other new machines there are a hay picking and pressing machine and a new flax harvester.
1. -:
a. / ,
b.
c. , .
