1. .
1. The plough is an agricultural implement used to the surface of the soil.
a) turn over
b) harrow
c) separate
2. It is to follow a systematic plan in reconditioning various parts of plough.
a) easy
b) essential
c) difficult
3. Two-way mounted plough is made to perform the function as the trailing two-way plough.
a) different
b) some
c) same
4. Modern moldboard ploughs are powered by .
a) horses
b) tractor
c) engine
5. The part of the plough that breaks the soil is called the .
a) bottom
b) shin
c) landside
2. .
1. A trailing moldboard plough from one to five bottoms.
a) have
b) has
c) will have
2. The first iron plough durable and light.
a) were
b) will be
c) was
3. The land side to steady the plough while it is being operating.
a) serves
b) served
c) serve
4. Different arrangements to change from right to left-hand bottom.
a) is provided
b) are provided
c) provided
5. Riding ploughs with wheels and seat for the operator later.
a) come
b) came
c) will come
3. .
1. The very earliest ploughs were simple scratch-plows and consisted of a frame holding a vertical wooden stick that was dragged through the topsoil.
a) Did the very earliest ploughs consist of a frame holding a vertical wooden stick that was dragged through the topsoil?
b) Were the first ploughs pulled by draught animals?
c) Were the very earliest ploughs used for deep ploughing?
2. The first iron plough was designed by Joseph Foljambe in 1730.
a. When is the first iron plough designed?
b. When had the first iron plough been designed?
c. When was the first iron plough designed?
3. A coulter slides along the face of the furrow exerting a side pressure on the furrow wall.
a. What does a coulter do?
b. Is a coulter sliding along the face of the furrow?
c. What exerts a side pressure on the furrow wall?
4. Much later first ploughs progressed into moldboard ploughs.
a. Did first ploughs progress into moldboard ploughs?
b. Do first ploughs progress into moldboard ploughs?
c. Had the first ploughs been progressed into moldboard ploughs?
5. Disk ploughs are adapted to the conditions where the moldboard will not work, for example sticky soils, dry ground, stony ground.
a. What conditions will the disk ploughs be adapted?
b. What conditions are disk ploughs adapted?
c. What conditions were disk ploughs be adapted?
4. .
1. A moldboard turns the furrow slices in one run across the field.
a) () .
b) .
c) .
2. On modern ploughs the moldboard is separated from the shin and bottom, allowing these parts to be replaced without replacing the moldboard.
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a) .
b) , .
c) , .
3. A trailing disk plough has three wheels two-furrow wheels and a land wheel.
a) .
b) : .
c) : .
4. One of the reason for plowing is to turn under the crop residue into the soil.
a) .
b) .
c) , : / .
5. A plough has a coulter, a sharpened blade or disk, attached to the frame of the plough.
a) , .
b) , , .
c) , , .
5. .
- .
, , , , , , , .
, .
, .
, , .
, , .
, .
.
UNIT 5
TEXT A
GRAIN DRILLS
The grain drill is a machine designed to place the seeds in narrow rows at specific depths. The principal parts are: the frame, transport and drive wheels, a box for seed, a device to meter the seed out of the hopper, furrow openers and covering devices.
Tractor-operated grain drills are known to be divided into two types: trailing and mounted. Most of the trailing types are supported by a wheel at each end of the drill. Thats why this type is called an end-wheel drill. The wheels serve as ground traction drives to operate the moving parts of the drill. Trailing press-wheel drills are partly supported by the large press wheel at the rear and partly by the hitch bar in front. Mounted grain drills are attached to the tractor by the three-point hitch. The drill feeds and other moving parts are driven by the power take off of the tractor.
It is known that grain drills are also classified as plant drills and fertilizer drills. One should know how to select a proper drill and how to care for that drill. It is important to know how to operate the drill as proper management reduces field breakdowns.
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WORD LIST
design ,
frame
transport wheel ,
drive wheel
a box for seed
furrow opener
covering device
trailing drill
mounted drill
to support
end wheel drill (fertilizer drill)
ground traction drive
press wheel drill (
)
press wheel
hitch
bar ,
three-point hitch
feed
plant drill ( )
rear
breakdown ,
attachment , ()
1.
.
grain drill hopper moving parts
device wheel covering device
depth hitch bar fertilizer drill
feed power take off to classify
2. .
to seed, to operate, to trail, to sow, to join, to work, to attach, to pull.
3. ,
.
to seed to place
to drill to design
to furrow to transport
4. , . .
narrow rows out of the hopper
field breakdowns three-point hitch plant drill
drill feeds
5. ,
.
6. , . .
7.
.
1. What is the grain drill?
2. What are the principal parts of the grain drill?
3. How are grain drills classified?
4. How are grain drills attached to the tractor?
5. What is it important to know for a drill operator?
TEXT B
SEED DRILL
The seed drill was invented by Jethro Tull in 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows. Prior to this farmers sowed seeds by hand (broadcasting). Some of the broadcast seeds had never germinated; the others had been by frost or died from lack of access to water and fertilizer.
This invention gave farmers greater control over the depth that the seed was planted and the ability to cover the seed. This greater control meant that seeds germinated consistently and in good soil. Later seed drills have become more advanced but the technology remained the same. The first drills were small enough to be drawn by a single horse, but development of larger and more efficient drills allowed farmers to seed larger areas in a single day.
Recent improvements to drills allow seed drilling without prior tilling or preparing the soil. This means that soils are protected until the seed germinates and grows enough. So, drills may be used for sowing all kinds of seeds from the size of beans to that of clover, at various seed rates and depths in rows at different distances.
WORD LIST
invent
allow
prior to , ,
broadcasting
germinate
lack
access
depth
seed rate ()
rows , ,
1. :
1. when a seed drill was invented;
2. how farmers sowed seeds before the invention of a seed drill;
3. what this invention gave the farmers;
4. what seed drills appeared later;
5. what the first drills were like;
6. whether the soil is protected or unprotected until the seed germinates and grows enough.
2. , ,
.
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1. The invention of the seed drill allowed the farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows.
2. Some of the broadcast seeds germinated well, but the others died from frost, wind and drought.
3. Seed drills have become more advanced but the technology remained the same.
4. The fist drills were small enough to be drawn by a horse, but then larger and more efficient drills allowed farmers to seed larger areas.
5. Modern drills used in agriculture do not sow the seeds without tilling or preparing the soil.
3. 1 2, .
TEXT C
ATTACHMENTS FOR GRAIN DRILLS
When a fertilizer attachment is used, the drill is usually called a fertilizer drill, even though it is equipped with the regular grain-sowing feeds. A special fertilizer tube serves to conduct the fertilizer to the soil. Liquid fertilizer attachments are available for grain drills.
A grass-seeding attachment is necessary for almost all grain drills. It is attached either in front of or to the rear of the main seedbox. Where the soil is dry and likely to blow, press wheels are used to cover the seed and press the soil around them.
There is a special-type drill, sometimes called a grassland drill. Small grains and grass seed can be planted without first plowing, harrowing and preparing the seedbed. These three operations are performed by a drill. The seeds are sown and fertilizer is applied as a furrow is opened.
1. -.
) ;
b) ;
c) ;
2. : A Grain Doll; ih Design and Operation.
