1. .
1. Trailing types are supported by a.... at each end of the drill.
a) frame
b) wheel
c) press wheel
2. Mounted grain drills are attached to the tractor by the.....
a) there-point hitch
b) frame
c) hitch bar
3.....was invented to sow seeds in narrow rows at a uniform depth.
a) seed drill
b) grain drill
c) fertilizer drill
4.....is used to cover the seed and press the soil around them.
a) covering device
b) roller
c) furrow opener
5. The seeds are sowed and fertilizer is applied as a...... is opened.
a) harrow
b) seedbox
c) furrow
2. .
1. The drill feeds and other moving parts.... by the power take off of the tractor.
a) are attached
b) attached
c) attach
2. The grain drill is a machine.... to place the seed in well-spaced rows.
a) designing
b) is designed
c) designed
3. The first drills were small enough.... by a single horse.
a) drawn
b) to be drawn
c) are drawn
4. Where the soil is dry and likely..... press wheels are used.
a) blowing
b) blows
c) to blow
5. There is a special-type drill sometimes.... a grassland drill.
a) called
b) is called
c) calling
3.
.
1. The wheels serve as ground traction drives to operate the moving parts of the drill.
a) What is ground traction drive?
b) What is the function of moving parts of the drill?
c) What do wheels serve for?
2. The principal parts of a drill are: the frame, transport and drive wheels, a box for seed, covering devices, etc.
a) Does is a drill consist of a frame, wheels, seed-box and other parts?
b) What are the principal parts of a drill?
c) How is a grain drill determined?
3. Some of the broadcast seeds have never germinated, the others were killed
by frost or drought.
a) What has happened with the broadcast seeds?
b) Have the broadcast seeds germinated?
c) What is the result of frost and drought?
4. This invention gave farmers control over the depth and rate of planting.
a) What gave farmers control over the depth and rate of planting?
b) What was the invention?
c) Did farmers get control over the depth and rate of planting?
5. When a fertilizer attachment is used, the drill is usually called a fertilizer drill.
a) What is fertilizer attachment?
b) Is drill usually called a fertilizer drill?
c) When is drill called a fertilizer drill?
4.
.
1. Grain drills are known to be classified as plant drills and fertilizer drills
a) : .
b) , .
c) ,
2. One should know how to select a drill and how to care for it.
a) , .
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b) , , .
c) , .
3. Prior to the invention of a drill farmers sow seeds by hand (broadcasting).
a) .
b) .
c) .
4. Small grain crops and grass seeds can be planted without first
plowing, harrowing and preparing the seedbed.
a) / .
b) , .
c) , .
5. Development of large and more efficient drills allowed farmers to seed
larger areas in a single day.
a) .
b) / .
c) .
5. .
. , , , , , . 2 : . . . , , .
. . . , , . , , ..
UNIT 6
TEXT A
HARROW
In agriculture, a harrow is an implement for cultivating the surface of the soil. Harrows were originally horse-drawn. In modern practice they are almost always tractor-mounted implements, drawn after the tractor. In Europe, harrows were first used in the early Middle Ages.
Harrowing is often carried out on fields after ploughing operations. The purpose of harrowing is generally to break up clods of soil and to provide a finer finish, a tilth, that is suitable for seeding and planting operations. Harrowing may also be used in farming to remove weeds and to cover seed after sowing.
Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on the intended purpose. They almost always consist of a frame to which disks, teeth, linked chains or other means of cultivation are attached. In the colder climates the commonest types are the disk harrow and the chain harrow but in New Zealand the tine harrow is common. Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as covering the seed, while disk harrows are used for heavy work such as following ploughing to break up the sod.
WORD LIST
harrow
surface
fine
finish
tilth
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intend
teeth
linked chain
sod ,
disk harrow
chain harrow
tine harrow
1. .
implement clod disk
to carry out farming teeth
ploughing frame to break up sod
purpose covering heavy work
2. .
to attach, to provide, to plow, to supply, to perform, to join, to furrow, to carry out
3. , .
to harrow to seed
to plough to plant
to break to use
to cover to work
4. ,
.
.
tractor-mounted implement cultivating the surface
ploughing operations to consist of
to remove weeds covering the seed
5. ,
.
6. ,
.
.
7. .
1. What is harrow?
2. What is the purpose of harrowing?
3. Where may harrowing be used?
4. What does the type of harrow depend on?
5. What are the main parts of harrow?
6. What types of harrow do you know?
TEXT B
DISK HARROW
Disk harrows are used before plowing to cut up vegetable matter. They are used after plowing to pulverize the soil and put it in better tilth for the reception of the seed. They can be used for the cultivation of crops, also they are used for summer fallowing. When seeds are sown broadcast harrows are used to cover them.
There are many types of disk harrows, but all of them can be divided into two general classes: trailing disk harrows and mounted disk harrows.
Trailing disk harrows are pulled by the tractor. Mounted disk harrows are designed to be used with tractors equipped with a three-point hitch and hydraulic lift systems.
A disk harrow consists of a number of units such as disks, disk gangs, frame, bearings, scrapers and leveling devices. The disks of the first two gangs move the soil away from the center of the implement and the rear discs move the soil in the opposite direction. So, modern disk harrow is designed for tractor work and also used for pulverizing the soil surface to promote aeration of the land.
WORD LIST
pulverize
tilth , ,
cut up
reception ,
fallow ,
trailing disk harrow
mounted disk harrow
three-point hitch
disk gang ,
bearing
scraper ,
leveling device
framework
lift
lift ,
make ,
1. :
1. when disk harrows are used;
2. what types of disk harrows he knows;
3. what trailing disk harrows are pulled by;
4. what mounted disk harrows are designed for;
5. what the main parts of disk harrow are.
2. . .
1. Disk harrows are used before plowing to harvest vegetable and crop matter.
2. Disk harrows pulverize the soil and make it finer after plowing.
3. There are many types of disk harrows, trailing disk harrows and mounted disk harrows being two general.
4. Mounted disk harrows are used with tractors equipped with a three-point hitch and hydraulic lift system.
5. The main parts of a disk harrow are disks, disk gangs, frame, bearings, scrapers and leveling devices.
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TEXT C
ZIGZAG HARROW
Zigzag harrows are constructed in many different sizes and weights. The lightest type is used for covering grass seeds and consists of a light framework with very short iron teeth.
The heavier makes have iron frames and longer tines, so that they have a greater penetration in hard land, and all the heaviest models can be drawn by two horses. For tractor work the same types of harrows are employed. It should be remembered that they may be equipped with a lift which raises and lowers the harrows.
An improvement on the ordinary harrow is an implement fitted with hinged teeth, such an arrangement enables the implement to work to a greater depth if the land is hard.
1. -.
a) ;
b) ;
c) .
