. .
. .
. .
-
II
.., ..,
..
- II
2006
: . . ... , .
, 2 20 2006 .
- II :
[. ]/ .., .. , .. . : , 2006.-148 .
. , .
.
6
Unit 1
Text A Farm Tractor (part I) 7
Text B Farm Tractor (part II) 11
Text C Farm Tractor (part III) 14
17
Unit 2
Text A Engine 22
Text B Internal Combustion Engine 25
Text C Engines 28
30
Unit 3
Text A Two Stroke Engine 33
Text B Four Stroke Cycle 37
Text C Diesel Cycle 40
42
Unit 4
Text A Plough 44
Text B Moldboard Plough 48
Text C Types of Tractor Moldboard Ploughs 51
53
Unit 5
Text A Grain Drills 57
Text B Seed Drill 61
Text C Attachments for Grain Drills 64
65
Unit 6
Text A Harrow 69
Text B Disk Harrow 73
Text C Zigzag Harrow 76
77
Unit 7
Text A Combine 82
Text B Grain Combines 86
Text C Combine Models (Harvesters) 89
91
Unit 8
Text A Types of Balers 96
Text B A Square Baler 100
Text C John Deere Round Balers 103
105
Unit 9
Text A Manure Spreaders 110
Text B Fertilizer Attachments 114
Text C Spraying Equipment 117
119
Unit 10
|
|
|
125
I II 3- , :
1. ;
2. ;
3. .
, , , , .
(, ) , .. , , , , ; , .
, , .
10 , , 10 , .
UNIT 1
TEXT A
FARM TRACTOR (part I)
The most common use of the term tractor is for the vehicles used on farms. The farm tractor is used for pulling agricultural machinery or trailers, for plowing, harrowing and similar tasks. The classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle with two very large driving wheels. There are a single seat and steering wheel in the center. The engine is in front of the driver with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment.
There are usually three foot pedals for the operator on the floor of a tractor. The pedal on the left is the clutch. The operator presses on this pedal to disengage the power take-off and then (on pressing further) the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. The two pedals on the right are the brakes. The left brake pedal stops the left rear wheel and the right brake pedal does the same with the right side. This independent left and right wheel braking augments the steering of the tractor. This is usually done when it is necessary to make a tight turn. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor.
WORD LIST
| vehicle pull machinery driving wheel steerable wheel steering wheel below compartment clutch disengage shift gear brake independent wheel braking augment (increase smith by adding to it) steering tight power take off | , () |
1.
|
|
|
:
| to pull to disengage to augment | vehicle clutch brake | common below similar | gear turn independent |
tight turn
power take-off
either or
2. :
augment, disengage, perform, move, increase, do, pull, switch off
3. , , .
| to use to plow to harrow to drive | to power to turn to trail to press |
4. , . .
| the most common the right wheel braking in font of | the same in the center on the left |
5. , .
6. , . .
7. .
1. What is the farm tractor used for?
2. What parts does the tractor consist of?
3. What types of wheels are there?
4. What for does the operator press the pedals?
5. When does the operator press both pedals to stop it?
8. 6 7,
.
TEXT B
FARM TRACTOR (part II)
Most farm tractors use a manual transmission. They have several gears which generally provide a range of speeds from less than a mile per hour to about 25 miles per hour. Compared to other vehicles the tractor is quite slow. Slower speeds are necessary for most operations that are performed with a tractor. These slower speeds give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations such as field work. Older tractors generally require the operator to press the clutch to shift the gears but many modern tractors can shift between certain gears without need to depress the clutch.
Modern tractors use a power take-off shaft (PTO) to provide rotary power to machinery. Almost all modern tractors also provide hydraulic and electrical power.
Farm implements can be attached to the rear of the tractor by either a draw bar or by a three-point hitch.
Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor.
One more advantage of modern tractor is a rollover protection system. It prevents an operator from being crushed in case of a rollover.
WORD LIST
| manual generally a range of speeds compare perform provide degree certain such as require the former the latter straight-cut gearbox advantage PTO machinery drawbar three-point hitch attach control lever rollover prevent in case of | ( ) ( ) , |
1. :
1. how many gears most tractors have;
2. why tractor is a quite slow vehicle;
3. what advantages modern tractors have;
4. how farm implements can be attached;
5. what for there is a control lever.
2. . .
|
|
|
1. Tractor has several gears which provide a range of speeds from less than a mile per hour to about 25 miles per hour.
2. Compared to other vehicles the tractor is quite slow.
3. Slower speeds give the farmer a less degree of control in certain situations.
4. Farm implements can be attached to the front of the tractor by a drawbar.
5. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor.
3. 1,2, .
TEXT C
FARM TRACTOR (part III)
Farm equipment is any kind of machinery used for work. The best known machine of this kind is the tractor.
Tractors can be classified according to utility:
a) all-purpose or general tractor, used for plowing, harrowing, sowing, cultivating, harvesting grain crops;
b) universal tractors, used mainly for cultivating and harvesting row crops (beets, potatoes, cotton, corn and so on) and also performing a great variety of other farm jobs;
c) specialized tractors, used for performing a special kind of work on tea and grape plantations, boggy soils and so on.
Modifications of the classic style are used for smaller farm tasks: mowing grass and landscaping.
Farm tractors range in engines power from 18 to 500 horsepower.
Most tractors can transfer the engines power to other machines, such as hoes, reapers, mowers, balers, harrows.
WORD LIST
| equipment kind know (knew, known) example utility all-purpose tractor grain crop row crops beet carrot cotton variety grape boggy soil so on landscape hoe reaper mower baler harrow | , , , .. , - |
1 - . -.
a) ;
b) / ;
c) / .
2 - . - .
1. .
1. The classic farm tractor is a vehicle.
a) complex
b) simple
c) large
2. Tractors have several which provide a range of speeds.
a) wheels
b) gears
c) PTO
3. Universal tractors are made to perform of farm job.
a) a small variety
b) a great variety
c) a large variety
4. Modern tractors use to provide rotary power to machinery.
a) steering power
b) manual transmission
c) PTO
5. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is completely supported by the .
a) driving wheel
b) rear wheel
c) tractor
2. .
1. The independent left and right wheel braking the steering of the tractor.
a) is augmented
b) augment
c) augments
2. Older tractors the operator to press the clutch to shift the gears.
a) requires
b) require
c) required
3. New tractors in Volgograd.
a) is produced
b) is being produced
c) are produced
4. How the operator more control over working speed using straight-cut gears in the gearbox.
a) have
b) had
c) has
5. Modern tractors the engines power to other machines.
|
|
|
a) transfers
b) can transfer
c) can be transferred
3. , ?
1. The farm tractor is used for pulling agricultural implements.
a) Does the tractor pull agricultural tools?
b) Is the farm tractor used for pulling agricultural implements?
c) Is the farm tractor used for performing heavy tasks?
2. The universal tractor is used for cultivating and harvesting row crops.
a) Where does the universal tractor find its use?
b) What implements are used with the tractor?
c) What is the universal tractor used for?
3. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor.
a) What pedals does the operator press to stop the tractor?
b) Why does the operator press the pedals?
c) What pedals stop left and right rear wheels?
4. Farm implements are attached to the rear of a tractor either by a drawbar or by a three-point hitch.
a) What do farm implements attach to the tractor for?
b) How are farm implements attached to the tractor?
5. Modern tractors have a shift between certain gears without need to depress the clutch.
a) What advantage do modern tractors have?
b) Does the operator press the clutch?
c) How many gears do modern tractors have?
4.
?
1. Implements attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever.
a) / , , .
b) / , , .
c) / , .
2. Most tractors transfer the engines power to other tools such as hoes, mowers, balers, harrows.
a) / , , , , .
b) , , / .
c) , / , , , , .
3. Modern tractors have a rollover protection system to prevent an operator from being crushed in case of a rollover.
a) , .
b) , / .
c) RPS .
4. The classic farm tractor is an open vehicle with two very large driving and steer able wheels.
a) / .
b) / .
c) .
5. Most modern tractors provide hydraulic and electric power to other implements.
a) / .
b) / .
c) / .
5. .
/ : , , , , , .
, , / .
: , .
.
, , (), , .
.
UNIT 2
TEXT A
ENGINE
An engine produces power by burning air and fuel. The fuel is stored in a fuel tank. The fuel tank is connected to a fuel pipe. The fuel pipe carries the fuel to a fuel pump. The fuel pump is connected to the carburetor. The fuel pump pumps the fuel into the carburettor. In the carburettor the fuel is mixed with air. The fuel and air are drawn into the engine cylinder by the piston. Then the fuel and air are compressed by the piston and ignited by the spark plug. They burn and expand very quickly and push the piston down. Thus the power is produced. The burned fuel and air are expelled from the cylinder by the piston.
|
|
|
The flow of gases into and out of the cylinder is controlled by two valves. There is an inlet valve allowing fresh fuel mixture into the cylinder and an exhaust valve which allows the exhaust gases to escape.
There are two basic engine operating cycles:
a) the four-stroke cycle;
b) the two-stroke cycle:
The complete four-stroke cycle comprises:
1. the induction stroke (the piston moves downwards);
2. the compression stroke (the piston moves upwards);
3. the power stroke (the piston moves downwards);
4. the exhaust stroke (the piston moves upwards).
WORD LIST
store allow
fuel tank inlet valve
fuel pipe exhaust valve
fuel pump carry
carburettor fuel air mixture
expel ,
pump induction stroke
draw compression stroke
ignite power stroke
spark plug exhaust stroke
burn
expand
quickly
push
thus
flow
valve
1. .
| Part (unit) | Its function | ||
| 1. the engine | to produce power | () | |
| 2. the fuel tank | |||
| 3. | |||
| 4. the carburettor | |||
| 5. the spark plug | |||
| 6. | |||
| 7. the inlet valve | |||
| 8. |
2. , ... .
to compress the mixture
to store the fuel in the fuel tank
to mix the fuel and air
to ignite the mixture
to pump the fuel into the carburettor
to draw the mixture into the cylinder
to carry the fuel to the fuel pump
to push the piston down
to produce the power
3. 2, .
TEXT B
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
An internal combustion engine is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. This can be contrasted with external combustion engines such as steam engines, which burn their fuel outside the engine.
The most common internal combustion engines are the gasoline powered engine and the diesel engine. Others include those fueled by hydrogen, methane, propane, etc. Engines typically can only run on one type of fuel and require adaptations to adjust the air/fuel ratio or mix to use other fuels.
In a gasoline engine, a mixture of gasoline and air, controlled by a throttle, is inducted into a cylinder.
This is compressed by a piston and at optimal point in the compression stroke, a spark plug creates an electrical spark that ignites the fuel.
The combustion of the fuel results in the generation of heat, and the hot gases in the cylinder at a higher pressure than the fuel air mixture drive the piston back down.
These combustion gases are vented and the fuel air mixture reintroduced to run a second stroke. The outward linear motion of the piston is harnessed by a crankshaft to produce circular motion. Valves control the intake of air fuel mixture and allow exhaust gases to exit at the appropriate times.
A critically important portion of any internal combustion engine is its ignition system, which controls the timing of the burning of the fuel mixture.
WORD LIST
operate vent
contrast reintroduce
steam engine linear
gasoline harness
hydrogen rankshaft
require circular
adaptation motion
adjust exit
ration appropriate
throttle critically
induct ignition system
point timing
result in outward
generation
pressure
1. :
1. what difference is between an internal and an external combustion engine;
2. what a mixture of gasoline and air is inducted into;
3. how the fuel is ignited;
4. what the generation of heat results in;
5. what valves are used for;
6. what system controls the timing of the burning of the fuel.
2. . .
1. An internal combustion engine is any engine that operates by burning gasoline, hydrogen, methane and propane.
2. In a gasoline engine, a mixture of gasoline and air, controlled by a throttle, is inducted into a cylinder.
3. In the compression stroke the fuel is compressed by a piston and ignited by an electric spark created by a spark plug.
4. The combustion of the fuel results in the generation of heat, and the hot gases drive the piston back down, thus producing power.
5. The combustion gases are vented and the fuel air mixture reintroduced to run a second stroke.
6. Valve control the timing of the burning of the fuel mixture.
3. 2, .
TEXT C
ENGINES
The two most common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol engine and the diesel engine.
Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines. This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars and motorbikes use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines. They usually go faster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel and last longer than petrol engines, and this is why larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use them. They are also safer than petrol engines because there is less danger of fire.
There are two main types of petrol engine 4 stroke and 2 stroke. All cars and large motor cycles use 4 stroke engines. But most smaller motorbikes use 2 stroke engines. These are lighter and smaller than 4 stroke engines and are therefore cheaper.
WORD LIST
common little (less, least)
vehicle safe
light truk
cheap main
noisy therefore
fast
1. .
(a) Which is the lightest of the three engines?
(b) Which is the least expensive?
(c) Which is the noisiest?
(d) Which is the largest?
(e) Which is the safest? Why?
(f) Which uses the least fuel?
