. , . 䳺 . ʳ (a) , (n), , (N): a = n/N; 0 < a < 1. a , . (a>0,3). ( 0 < a < 0,03), . , . '.
(KD) . ; : KD, .
, . , ' , , , .
(). AmBn : (AmBn) = m (A+) n (B).
, (Ag2S) = 2 (Ag+) (S2).
, .
1.
) 2 3 ( " "). , : HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH4OH, NaCl, KNO3, , , , .
. (U = 36 B) .
ϳ , , , .
, ( 9 I). , I = 0,5 , 0,05 .
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) , . ³ , - .
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2. . , 1-2 , . . . , -.
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3. .
) . . , , , - . .
) . 2 3 : , , . ? .
4. . 3 - 4 () 0,005 /. ᒺ 0,05 / , ᒺ 0,05 / . ? , ((bI2) = 8,0 109, (bCl2) = 1,7 105). .
1. ? .
2. ?
3. ? ?
4. ", , ".
5. , ? .
6. 37 1,5 ∙ 105. 0,005 / . (0,055)
7. ᒺ , 300 0,2 / , ? (900 ).
8. 50 0,001 / 450 0,0001 /. ? ().
9. - 䳿 : ) NaHCO3 HCl, ) FeCl3 KOH, ) Pb(CH3COO)2 Na2S, ) KHS H2SO4, ) Zn(NO3)2 + KOH (), e) Ca(OH)2 + CO2, ) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 (). .
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10. , 0,02 / AgNO3 ᒺ H2SO4 1 /? ().
11. l 0,2 /.(5 104).
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. ò˲
. p . ó (H+), p = lg (H+).
: (H+) > C() p < 7
: (H+) < C() p > 7
: (H+) = (OH) = 107.
: = -lg C().
ó - . (2) 22˚C :
2 = + · ¯ = 10-14
+ = 14.
ó . ó p . . , (, LiBr, K2SO4, NaCl, BaCl2, Ca(NO3)2), , , 䳿 (p = 7).
: NH4Cl +H2O=NH4OH + HCl
NH4+ + H2O = NH4OH + H+ (p < 7)
ó , , 䳿 :
1 : Al(NO3)3 + H2O = Al(OH)(NO3)2 + HNO3 Al3+ + H2O = [Al(OH)]2+ + H+
2 : Al(OH)(NO3)2 + H2O = Al(OH)2(NO3) + HNO3 [Al(OH)]2+ + H2O = [Al(OH)2]+ + H+
3 : Al(OH)2(NO3) + H2O = Al(OH)3 + HNO3 [Al(OH)2]+ + H2O = Al(OH)3 + H+
, , :
CH3COOK + H2O = CH3COOH + KOH
CH3COO + H2O = CH3COOH +OH (p > 7).
( ):
1 : K2CO3 + H2O = KHCO3 + KOH () CO23 + H2O = HCO3 + OH
2 : KHCO3 + H2O = H2CO3+ KOH () HCO3 + H2O = H2CO3 + OH
, , :
CH3COONH4 + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH
CH3COO + NH4+ + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH
ó , . . KD()>KD(), p>7; KD() < KD(), p < 7.
CH3COONH4: KD(NH4OH) = 6,3 105; KD(CH3COOH) = 1,8 105, , (p = 7 - 8).
, , , :
Al2S3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑.
, " ".
(a.) ( ): a. = (C./C.) 100 %
(), , , ().
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| , α < 3% | , 3 %<α < 30 % | , α >30% | |
| H2S, HCN, HNO2, H2CO3, H2IO3. | HF, H3PO4, H2SO3, HNO2. | H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, HClO4, HI, HBr. | |
| : Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)2 NH4OH. | : NaOH, KOH Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2. | ||
1. . 3 , 3 3 . 3 , , . , , . 11
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| [H+] > [OH] < 7 | [H+] = [OH] = 7 | [OH] > [H+] > 7 | |
2. ó
