. ,
:
. (8.14)
:
- , (8.15)
- . (8.16)
φ ,
,
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0, ψ .
(8.17)
n :
Al + Bm + Cn = 0, (8.18)
: A/l = B/m =C/n. (8.19)
9.
. , . , .
, R , R R.
9.1. , λ :
( + )= + , (λ ) = λ . (9.1)
9.2. , .
: = .
1, 2, 3, . , 1, 2, 3, . , :
1 = 11 1 + 21 2 +31 3,
2 = 12 1 + 22 2 + 32 3, (9.2)
3 = 13 1 + 23 2 + 33 3.
1, 2, 3 . (9.2) .
. , .
=1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 , : =`1 1 + `2 2 + `3 3, x`i :
`1 = a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3,
x`2 = a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3, (9.3)
x`3 = a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3.
.