, . , ( ). , , , . :
1. ,
2. .
3. .
2 2.
R(E) = | (4.1) |
R(C 2) = | (4.2) |
2. . . , x-, y- z- . , (x), (y), (z):
2 | (4.3) | ||
(x) | -1 | ||
(y) | -1 | ||
(z) |
. , (z) 2, (x) (y) ). 2. , , . ( , , . ). , (x) (y), 2. (z) (x) ( (y)) 2 . . , . 2
2 | 2 | ||
(4.4) | |||
-1 |
, . .
3:
(4.5) |
R(3) = | (4.6) |
R = | (4.7) |
3 - ; , x- y- 3. z- () . , x y, 3. . . , . :
|
|
3 | 23 | (4.8) | |
-1 |
(, (4.4) ). (4.6) (4.7) ( ).
R(C 3) = | (4.9) |
R | (4.10) |
, . :
3 | 3 | (4.11) | ||
(4.8), (4.11) 3. , . , , . , .
2 v. Ÿ : , 2, . , z , xz - σ v, yz - ,
R() = | (4.12) |
R( 2) = | (4.13) |
R | (4.14) |
R = | (4.15) |
; , :
2 v | E | C 2 | σ v | (4.16) | |
(x) | -1 | -1 | |||
(y) | -1 | -1 | |||
(z) |
. , :
() × (b) = (), | (4.17) |
aibi = ci | (4.17) |
i, bi ci (), (b) () . 2 v
(z) × (x) = | 1×1 | 1×(-1) | 1×1 | 1×(-1) | (4.18) |
= | -1 | -1 | |||
= | (x) |
(z) × (y) = | 1×1 | 1×(-1) | 1×(-1) | 1×1 | (4.19) |
= | -1 | -1 | |||
= | (y) |
(x) × (y) = | 1×1 | -1×-1 | 1×(-1) | -1×1 | (4.20) |
= | -1 | -1 |
|
|
(4.18) (4.19) (4.17) ; (4.20) . , 2 v . ,
2 v | 2 | σ v | (4.21) | |||
1 | ||||||
2 | -1 | -1 | ||||
1 | -1 | -1 | ||||
2 | -1 | -1 |
2 . , . 3 . , . 2 v . Ÿ . , 2v (4.22 4.25), ( 2), . .
R(E) = | (4.22) |
R( 2) = | (4.23) |
R(σ v) = | (4.24) |
R() = | (4.25) |
n , n - , n - .[3]
, . . , , , , .