V const = const
, , QV.
(43) QV, , V = const,
(44)
, ( - ) .
, , Qp. (43) Qp,
(45)
U2 + pV2 2, U1 + pV1 1,
Qp = Δ = 2-1. (46)
, ( - ) .
, (44) (46). , , . .
5. Qv Qp
Qv Qp
Qp = Δ = ΔUp + Δ (pV),
ΔUp . , . . ΔUP ≠ ΔUV,
V≠ const. , . ΔUV QV (45) :
.
Qp Qv , Qp = Qv. .
, (45)
QP = Qv + pΔV= QV + pV2- pV1.
pV2 n2RT pV1 n1RT, n1 2 , (3)
Qp = Qv + Δ nRT (47)
Qv = Qp-Δ nRT, (48)
Δn . Δn > 0
QV < QP.
2 + 2 = 2, Δn= 2 1 = 1 Qv = Qp RT, . . Qv < Qp. .
Δn <0 QV> Qp. : + 0,52 = 2 2 + 0,52 = 2, Δn = 1 1,5 = 0,5, . . Δn < 0. Qv = Qp + 0,5RT, . . Qv > Qp.
.
Δn = 0, Qv = Qp. + 2 = 2 + 2, Δn = 2 2 = 0. , Qv = Qp.
|
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. . 1840 . . , V, = const , = const. , , . , , . , , .
,
QV =U2 -U1 Qp =H2 - H1
.
. . , , . . . , . . , , , . . . . . .
.
, , .
(. 6).
, : Q1; , D Q2, Q3, Q4, , N, Q5, Q6, Q7 Q8. ,
Q1=Q2+Q3+Q4;
Q1=Q5+Q6+Q7+Q8.
Q2+Q3+Q4=Q5+Q6+Q7+Q8.
, , . ,
Q8 =Q1-Q5-Q6-Q7.
, , , (, , . .), , , ., . . , , .
, , , , , ( ). , .
, , , -, , .
|
|
, ,
22 + 2 = 22
,
xaA+xbB=xaD, xd D x xb . , xb xd .
. .
, , , , , - , . , , .
= 1 = 760 . ., 1,013- 105 , , = 760 . . .
= 1 (1,013105 ) t = 25 (298,15 ) Q0V298 Q0P298
ΔQ0298 ΔH0298.
, .
1. Q pa Q o6p :
Q =- Q
2. , . , , (. 7), ,
Q1 = Q2 + Q3,
Q3= Q1- Q2
3. , , , . , (. 8), , Q1 = Q2 + Q3,
Q3 =Q1 - Q2.
: .
.
, (760 . ., 1,013- 105 ) 298,15 .
: '■
6 + 2 = 66.
. , .
, , . - .
, , - . , , , . , 2, 2, Cl2(),F2() .
|
|
, , , Qp .
. , , 1 1 .
. 1 .
. , , , , .
1.
Q0P298= ΔH0298 10-6 f | Q0P298= ΔH029810-3 f | Q0P298= ΔH0298 10-6 f | Q0P298= ΔH029810-3 f | ||
() | 24 | 52,28 | 12,492 | ||
217,98 | 52,098 | 26 | 84,67 | 20,236 | |
H2 | 38 | 103,9 | 24,820 | ||
N2 | 6 | 82,93 | 19,82 | ||
O | 429,18 | 59,56 | 66 | 49,04 | 11,718 |
OH | 38,96 | 9,31 | 12 - | 123,1 | 29,43 |
OH2 | 0 - | ||||
142,3 | 34,0 | 78 | 50,00 | 11,95 | |
CO | 110,5 | 26,41 | 78 | 8,08 | 1,93 |
CO2 | 393,51 | 94,05 | C10 H8 - | 75,44 | 18,03 |
3 () | 1206 | 288,2 | |||
() | 635,1 | 151,8 | 4 - | 238,7 | 57,05 |
2 | 241,84 | 57,80 | |||
H2O | 285,84 | 68,32 | 4 - | 202,2 | 48,09 |
NH3 | 46,19 | 11,04 | |||
NH3 | 69,87 | 16,7 | 26 - | 277,6 | 66,35 |
NO | 90,37 | 21,60 | |||
NO2 | 33,89 | 8,09 | 2 - | 235,3 | 56,24 |
N2O | 81,55 | 19,5 | |||
N2O4r | 9,37 | 2,24 | CH5Nr - | 28,03 | 6,70 |
NaO5 | (12,5) | (3,06) | |||
CH4r | 74,85 | 17,889 | C2H7Nr - | 27,61 | 6,60 |
QH2r | 226,75 | 54,194 |
. 9. :
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 -
, , .
. , , , , , , , .
. . . , , .
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|
. 9 , . 1, . 2. 3 . . 4, , . , . .
, , . ( ), 1 , 1 3 1 .
, , V = const, . . QV.
.
QB , .
QH , .
QB QH
-Qh = -QB+rb (9H + W) = -Qb + 2,512106 (9H+W), f, (49)
rb ( rb ≈ 2,512 106 f); 9H , H () , 1 ; W , 1 , .
, , , , .
. 2 .
.
, , b + dD = + gG, , D, , G, b, d,e, g
2
- | |||
μ , f | f 10-6 | f | |
( | 110120 | 44,0 | 10 500 |
= 0,855: = 0,145) | |||
( - | 180200 | 42,50 | 10 150 |
= 0,870; = 0,126; | |||
= 0,004) | |||
-1 | 42,845 | 10 230 | |
4 | 16,042 | 49,80 | 11 860 |
38 | 44,094 | 46,05 | 11 000 |
CH5Nr | 31,058 | 31,20 | 7 446 |
7 | 45,084 | 35,15 | 8 340 |
CHeN2}K | 46,084 | 25,44 | -^-6 070 |
C2H8N2}K - | 60,100 | 32,90 | 7 850 |
,
Qp=(eQ+gQG) (bQB+dQD)
(50)
QB, QD, QE Qo6pG ; ni ( 1 ), .
, , .
, , .
. . ( ).
3 (. 10). 1
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Q2 = 726,49106 /;
2 2 2
Q'1c = 393,51106 /;
Q"1c = 285,84106 /;
Qlc = 965,19 106 /.
. 10.
:
C +O2 = CO2 + Q'1c;
22 + 2 = 22 + 2Q"1c;
3 + 1,52 = 2 + 22 + Q2.
+ 22 + 0,52 = 3 + Q3 .
+ 22 + 0,52 = 3 + (Qlcr - Q2cr),
, , 1
Q3 = 238,7106 f.