. :
(85)
, . (CP) (V), (. . ), .
(86) 
(87)
:
(88) 
(89)
.
. , , , .
, :
(90)
, - 
. , 1 2,
(91)
. 4 .
4
| 12 | |
| ( = const)
| 
|
( = const)
| 
|
( = const)
| 
|
| (S = const) ( = 0)
| 
|
, . ( ) , . , : , . , 
, 
, 
. .
, , (). :
(92)
.
, , , , , . 
:
. (93)
106.(2) 480 2,5 800 . , 519 /(), 1,67.
|
|
|
107.(2) 0,089 /3. . ?
108.(2) 1,0 400 0,104 3/. , 910 /().
109.(2) 25 100 204,8 /. , , 50 . .
110.(2) , 1,6 , 14 , 3,4 16 . . , . .
111.(2) 1000 , , , . , . .
112.(2) 800 , 100, 20. . 760 . .
113.(1) , , 2/3 , . 0. .
114.(1) . . 41,9 . ? .
115.(1) . 220, 17. 120 . , .
1. . . / . . . ., 2006. 560 .
2. . . / . . , . . . ., 2003. 607 .
3. . . . . / . . . ., 2005. . 1. 432 .
4. . . / . : / . . , . . , . . . .: ; .: , 2012. -1 o=. . (CD-ROM).
5. . . / . . , . . . ., 1990. 622 .
.1
| G, ͷ2/2 | 6,6721011 |
| g, /2 | 9,80665 |
| c, / | 2,9979108 |
| me, | 9,10951031 |
| mp, | 1,67261027 |
| , | 5,9761024 |
| , | 6,371106 |
| , | |
| k ,/ | 1,3810-23 |
| R, /() | 8,31 |
| NA, -1 | 6,0221023 |
|
|
|
.2
( )
| , / | i | |
| (H2) (He) (H2O) (Ne) (N2) (O2) (Ar) (CO2) |
.3
| , /3 | , /() | , / |
| 4,19 | 2,25 |
.4
| 10−1 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9 10−12 | 101 102 103 106 109 1012 |
.
1 () (1 .) = 101,325 .
1 (1 . .) = 133,322 .
1 (1 . . .) = 1, 66057 . 10−27 .
1 (1 ) = 10−3 3.
, = t, + 273
1 = 4190
, ,
, ,
, ,
1.
.
. .
***
.12.2014. 60 × 84 1/16.
. . . . . 2,2. .-. . 2,4.
1000 . .
**
-
*
644046, . , . , 35
1
