1. cv p , 1,43 /3?
:
r = 1,43 /3
i = 5
____________
cp ? cv ?
. ᒺ
= m / V.
ϳ , :
, , i = 5. p = 1,01.105 T = 2730 K, :
2. 2 ' 1 3 0,2 . ' 3 3, ' 0,5 . 㳿 , , . .
:
2
m = 2
V1 = 1 3
p1 = 0,2 = 2.105
1) p = const, V2 = 3 3
2) V = const, p3 = 0,5 = 5.105
DU ? A ? Q ?
. 㳿
(1)
i ( i = 5);
DT = T3 - T1 () .
.
A1 = .
, ',
A2 = 0.
, , ,
A = A1 + A2 = A1.
³ Q1, , 㳿 DU A
Q = DU + A.
, , m = 32 .10-3 /:
= 0,4 . 106 = 0,4 ;
A = A1 = 0,4 ;
= 3,24 . 106 = 3,24 ;
Q = (3,24 + 0,4) = 3,64 .
2.
2
3. 0,02 300. , ' 5 , , ' 5 . , . .
:
H2
m = 0,02
T1 = 300 K
1) DQ = 0 V2/V1 = 5
2) DT = 0 V3/V2 = 1/5
________________
T3 ? A2 ? A3 ?
. ' , , '
g ';
|
|
n1 = V2/V1 ᒺ .
3
T2 = T1 / n1g -1.
A1
V '.
A2
n2 = V2/V3.
, g = 1,4, i = 5 m = 2 . 10-3 /
50,4 = 1,90 ( ),
, . . 3.
4. (. 4). 500K. , , , 350 . 㳿 .
:
T1 = 500K
Q1 = 1 .= 103
A = 350
_______________
h ? T2 ?
4
. , 㳿 , . 䳿
h = A / Q1,
Q1 , ;
, .
, h = (T1 - T2) / T1 T2
T2 = T1 (1 - h).
:
= 350 / 1000 = 0,35;
T2 = 500 (1 - 0,35) K = 325 K.
5. ﳿ 10 -20 100 .
:
m = 10 = 10-2
t1 = -20 C
t2 = 100 C
____________
S ?
. ﳿ
(1)
S1 S2 ﳿ .
ﳿ S .
1. m T1 T2
dQ = mc1 dT,
c1 .
, ﳿ (1)
DS1 = mc1 = mc1 ln(T2 / T1). (2)
2. m T2.
, (3)
.
3. m T2 T3. (2),
D S3 = mc2 ln(T3 / T2),
2 .
4. m T3. ﳿ
r .
ﳿ ( ﳿ)
DS = DS1 + DS2 + DS3 + DS4 = m [c1 ln(T2 / T1) + l/T2 + c2 ln(T3/T2) + r/T3].
, , c1=2,1.103 / ., T1 = 253K, T2 = 273K, T3 = 373K, l = 3,35.105 / , 2 = 4,19.103 / (.), r = 2,26.106 / ,
S = 88 / .
6. ﳿ 8 ' 10 80 ' 40 300 .
|
|
:
m = 8 = 8.10-3
V1 = 10 = 10-23
t1 = 80 C
V2 = 40 = 4.10-23
t2 = 300 C
_______________
S ?
. ﳿ -
,
ᒺ.
,
.
S = 5,4 /.
798. m1 = 8 m2 = 12 t = 17 p = 1,8105 . μ ᒺ V .
³: μ = 4,51.10-3 /; V=0,06 3.
799. V = 5 , N1 = 21015 , N2 = 81015 m = 1,0 . t = 17.
³: = 19,7.10-3 .
800. ᒺ 10 1,5 , ᒺ 22 0,6 . ' , , ( ). .
³: pn1 = 0,47.106 ; pn2 = 0,41.106 ; p = 0,88.106 .
801. ᒺ V1 = 2 p1 = 2105 , ᒺ V2 = 4 p2 = 1105 . . ϳ 璺 ? . ᒺ 璺 .
³: pn1 = 0,66.105 ; pn2 = 0,66.105 ; p = 1,33.105 .
802. ᒺ 22,4 . ϳ , , 0,25 , . , .
³: m = 6.10-3 .
803. 10 107 . ,
2,5106 ? .
³: Δm = 7,5.
804. 290 600 2,46 ᒺ 30 . .
³: m1 = 9,5 (2); m2 = 280,5 (N2).
805. ᒺ . p1 = 2 T1 = 800 , p2 = 2,5 T2 = 200 . ' = 200 . ?
³: p = 1,5 M.
806. . 3,6 . 0,6. .
³: m1 = 2,16 (2); m = 1,44 (2).
807. 100 ³ 300 . , 1020 ?
³: .
808. = 350 , m = 4 .
³: ξ. = 4,83.10-21 ; ξ . = 363 .
809. , ᒺ V = 3 = 540 .
³: ξ = 2,43 .
810. = 500 .
³: ξ . = 2,07.10-20 .
811. . , ᒺ V = 2 = 200 . m=0,3 .
|
|
³: υ . = 2.103 /.
812. V = 30 = 300 = 5 ?
³: N = 3,6.1025.
813. 㳿 , = 400 .
³: ξc.1= 8,28.10-21 ; ξ.2= 1,38.10-20 ; ξ.3=1,65.10-20 .
814. , 0,20 27.
³: ξ . = 249 .
815. 10 , 81010 -3. .
³: ξ. = 1,87.10-19 .
816. 㳿 500 .
³: ξ.1 = 1,035.10-20 ; ξ.2 = 2,07.10-20 .
817. , , 0,1 , 56 . , 15106 ?
³: = 3778 .
818. ΔN/N , 10 /, : ) T1 = 300 , ) T2 = 600 .
³: ΔN/N = 0,0074 ( 1); ΔN/N = 0,0052 ( 2).
819. . = 300 . , 1%.
³: υ. = 517 /; ΔN/N = 0,017.
820. = 300 . , 0,5%.
³: ΔN/N = 0,020.
821. ᒺ V = 2,5 = 20 = 300 . , 0,01%.
³: ΔN = 9,47.1014.
822. 50 /?
³: = 82,26 .
823. N/N, .
³: N/N = 8,31.10-5.
824. = 100 . = 270 - n : ) ; ) h = 8 .
³: n = 9,73.1024 1/3.
825. h 80% ? t = 7.
³: h = 1826 .
826. h 50% ? 273 . 9,8 /².
³: h = 5532 .
827. p1 = 86 . h , p2 = 0,10 . , 280 .
³: h = 1235 .
828. 1 32 . 100 . 0,36 .
|
|
³: z. = 8,88.1010 1/.
829. 400 1,36 . 0,3 .
³: l = 2,3.10-5 ; τ = 5,2.10-8 .
830. 1 4,4 . . 0,3 .
³: l = 4,17.10-8 .
831. 糿 106 27. 0,22 .
³: D = 8,1.10-6 2/.
832. 400 . 0,36 .
³: η = 1,58.10-5 /..
833. 5 40 . 400 . 0,35 .
³: <z> = 3.1010 c-1.
834. 100 . 0,27 .
³: η = 1,34.10-5 /..
835. 糿 0,5105 127. 0,38 .
³: D= 3,16.10-5 2/.
836. 1,910-4 /. .
³: χ = 0,12 /..
837. 糿 9,110-5 ²/. .
³: χ = 0,085 /..
838. = 90 . ᒺ ΔV = 2 ². : 1) ; 2) 㳿 ΔU ; 3) Q, .
³: = 18 ; ΔU = 27 ; Q = 45 .
839. , Q = 50 . 㳿 ΔU , .
³: ΔU = 30 ; = 20 .
840. = 0,15 . Q , : ) ᒺ ; ) ᒺ?
³: Q1 = 1575 ; Q2 = 1125 .
841. m1 = 12 m2 = 2 . 㳿 ΔU Δ = 56 .
³: ΔU = 7,06 .
842. m = 5 t1 = 20 = 150 . ϳ ᒺ V2 =12 . : ) Q, ; ) , ; ) 㳿 ΔU.
³: Q = 4,77 ; = 1,36 ; ΔU = 3,41 .
843. = 300 , ᒺ . : ) 㳿 ΔU ; ) ; ) Q, .
³: ΔU = 0; = Q = 2739 .
844. 0,1 200 400 . , , 㳿 .
³: ΔU = 14,839 ; = 5,935 ;
845. 80 . ᒺ 1 3 33. : 㳿 , , , , .
³: ΔU = 400 ; = 160 ; Q = 560 .
846. 10 200 ,
40 . 㳿 .
³: ΔU = 28,57 ; = 11,43 ;
847. , 6 . , , : ) ; ) .
³: Q1 = 21 ; Q2 = 6 .
848. ﳿ 14 27 127.
³: ΔS = 4,18 /.
849. 2- , ᒺ .
|
|
³: ΔS = 23 /.
850. ﳿ 2 0 100 . r = 22,5105 /.
³: ΔS = 2745 /.
851. ﳿ 2 327 0. λ = 2,3104 /.
³: ΔS = 0,275 /.
852. ﳿ, 2 , 300 4 370 .
³: ΔS = 2324,9 /.
853. m1 = 5 = 280 m2 = 8 = 350 . ﳿ, .
³: ΔS = 10497 /.
854. m = 1 2 . ﳿ .
³: ΔS = 7,2 /.
855. ﳿ
m = 4 ᒺ V1 = 5 ᒺ V2 = 9 .
³: ΔS = 2,44 /.
856. m = 2 ᒺ n . , . ﳿ .
³: ΔS1 = 720 /; ΔS2 = 0.
857. m = 100 , ᒺ n = 3 , , n = 3 . ﳿ .
³: ΔS1 = 1597 /; ΔS2 = 1141 /.
Բ Ҳ
1. 0
dn(E) = , (1)
m ;
dn() , + d ( < f, f ).
2. =0
f = ,
n .
3.
q(nbn + pbp), (2)
q ;
n p ( );
bn bp .
(2) . , n = p.
4.
,
;
, ;
k .
5.
U = R I,
;
;
I .
R = R = ,
, .
( n = p)
R = .
6. p-n
,
Io ;
U , p-n .