:
.
1. Δ1.
2. (Δ2), - (Δ3). :
Δ1 = Δ2 + Δ3
.
.
1.
ﳿ (IV) Δ 䳿 Δ 䳿 :
CH4() + 22() → 2() + 22() (1) Δ = - 802
22() → 22() (2) Δ = - 88
CH4() + 22() + 22() → 2() + 22() + 22() (3)
Δ = - 890
(3) 22() :
CH4() + 22() → 2() + 22() Δ = - 890
2.
() , .
1. ()
Pb() + S() + 22() = Pb S4()
Δ = - 918,39
2. () , (V) . . 䳿 .
Pb() + 1/2() = Pb() Δ 1 = - 217,86
S() + 3/22 () = S3() Δ 2 = - 395,18
Pb() + S3() = PbS4() Δ 3 = - 305,35
:
Δ = Δ 1 + Δ 2 + Δ 3
Δ = - 613,04 + (- 305,35) = - 918,39
, () , ( ).
:
, , .
:
() + 2() = 2() Δ 1 = - 393,5
() + 2() = 2() Δ 2 = - 395,39
:
Δ 1 - Δ 2 = - 393,51 - (- 395,39) = - 1,88
, , .
, 2:
() + () = () (1) Δ 1 = - 393,51
() + 1/22 () = 2 () (2) Δ 2 = - 282,963
³ (2) (1), ,
() + 1/22 () = () Δ = - 110,54
, . . 6000 , - 2 2:
|
|
() + 2() = () + 2() (1) Δ 1 = 131,38
:
() + 1/22 () = 2() (2) Δ 2 = - 282,963
2() + 1/22 () = 2() (3) Δ 3 = - 241,83
, (2) + (3):
() + 2() + 2 () = 2() + 2()
:
Δ = (- 282,963) + (- 241,83) = - 524,8
, (1)
Δ 1 = 131,38
,
() + 2() = () + 2() Δ 1 = 131,38
() + 1/22 () = 2() Δ 2 = - 282,96
2() + 1/22 () = 2() Δ 3 = - 241,83
() + 2() = 2() Δ = - 393,41
³ , , , .
Δ .
() + 2 () = 2()
Δ 500 = - 173,64 , Δ 1500 = - 165,27
г 10000 8,37
쳿 . Δ0298 , 250 (298 ) 1 . ( ).
, , , , .
, .
,
+ = + dD,
, , , d - , , , D Δ
Δ = ( Δ + d Δ D) - (a Δ A + b Δ B),
Δ A, Δ B, Δ Δ D - .
,
25() + 32() = 22() + 32() .
:
Δ = (- 2 . 393,6 - 3 . 241,8) - (- 277,7) = - 1234,9
, Δ , Δ 0 .
, ( ), , :
→ Δ 1
→ Δ 2
→ D Δ 3
D → Δ 4
Δ 1 + Δ 2 + Δ 3 + Δ 4 = 0
, , , .
Δ 0 .
|
|
: 1) .
4NH3() + 2() = 2N2() + 6 2()
Δ 0298 NH3() = 46,191 /, Δ 0298 2() = 0
Δ 0298 H2() = 241,84 /, Δ 0298 N2() = 0
Δ 0298 = 6 . ( 241,84) 4 . ( 46,181) = 1266,24
2) .
,
4 Δ 0298 (NH3) = 6 . (- 241,84) (- 1246,25) = - 204,76
Δ 0298 (NH3) = - 46,15 /,
ϳ . , , , .
.
.
322() → 66()
Δ 0298 22() = - 1299,63 /
Δ 0298 66() = - 3267,62 /
Δ 0298 = 3 Δ 0298 22() - Δ 0298 66()
Δ 0298 = 3 (-1299,63) (-3267,62) = - 631,28
.
㳿
, :
2() + 1/22 () = 2() Δ 0298 = - 241,835
: .
(Δ 0)2 = 435,97
(1/2Δ 0)2 = 247,69 ;
:
2 + = 2()
Δ 0298 , , (Δ 0)2
.
(Δ 0) 2
(Δ 0) 㳿, .
,
(Δ 0)2 () = (Δ 0) 2 + 1/2 (Δ 0) 2 - (Δ 0) 2 ()
(Δ ) 2 = (435,97 + 247,69) - (241,84) = 925,5
2, :
- = 1/2 (Δ 0) = 462,75
, , . , 4 : - = Δ /4,
Δ - .
㳿 . , :
, | , | ||
N H | 402,5 | ||
F | C H | 401,6 | |
H Br | C Cl | ||
H J | C C | ||
Cl Cl | C = C | ||
Br Br | Na Cl | ||
O H | K Cl |
, .
7. ?
³:
, , . , , , ﳿ. , Δ0298 (, , , ).
Δ0298 .
Δ0298
S ( ), Δ0298 - -, Δ029 8 d - f .
|
|
, .. 뺺 , .
8. ³ ?
³:
, , 㳿. ó. , , , .
. ( ) , . :
, % | , / | |||
() | ||||
, , . . . , , , 㳿 .
9. ( )?
³:
, . ֳ ﳿ. . 㳿 16/, 40 /. 㳿 . , , , . , , , .
, , , , , .. , , . :
, % | , / | |||
1,9 | 1,5 | |||
3,3 | ||||
0,3 | 1,2 | 1,8 | ||
() | ||||
() | ||||
() | 0,4 | 0,5 | 2,5 | |
() | 0,7 |
, 1
38,91 , 1 17,57 ; 1 , 17,572 .
, :
, : 56,5 991,61 143 5468,49 79,9 1401,64 | . 6048 949,77 |
7861,74 | 7755,07 |
~ 1 %.
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, , ( ).
, , .
10. .
³:
, , : - 㳺 ; - , .
. , - G.
ﳺ, ﳺ .
G = H TS
ճ . , , , = const, 㳺 ó (G) ..ó, , - , 㳺 .
㳿 ó , .
∆G=Amax.
, , .
㳿 ó - . ³
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
ΔG - 㳿 ó; ΔH - ﳿ; ΔS - ﳿ; .
ΔH TΔS, ΔH , ΔS - , 璺. , , ó.
䒺 ΔG, ΔG < 0.
1
298 :
2H2O2() → 2H2O() + O2() ΔG = − 250
(ΔH<0), (ΔS>0), ΔG<0. ³ .
2
298 :
N2 ()+ 2O2 () → 2NO2 () ΔG = −104
(ΔS<0), (ΔH>0), 㳿 ó (ΔG>0) .
䳿 , ﳿ ﳿ. , 㳿 ó . , .
(ΔH=0) (ΔS=0), G=0. .
ΔH=T ΔS
㳿 ó G . 㳿 ó ΔG . ΔG ﳿ, , , . , H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2 .
: ( ) , 1 /³; T = 298 K; Ρ=101,3 .
㳿 ó 㳺 ó ΔG0298. ó ΔG0298 .
ΔH , ΔG . 㳿 ó ó ΔG 㳿 ó .
|
|
ΔG=Σ ΔG0.-Σ ΔG0 .
㳿 ó
a + bB = cC + dD
:
ΔG=(cΔG0 C+dΔG0 D)-(aΔG0 A+bΔG0 B).
, ΔG0298 ΔG - .
, ΔG, . , ΔG . ΔG - . ΔG ( 40 /), , ΔG < 40/ .
:
CO2 () + 2ΝH3 () = (ΝH2)CO2 () + H2O() ΔG = 0,99
ΔG0 .
, .
, CO2 ΝH3 195-200 0 183-192
3
ΔG :
ΝO () +1/2O2 () = ΝO2 ()
㳿 ó
ΔG = ΔG0 NO2 - (ΔG0 NO+1/2ΔG0 O2) = 51,8 - (126,8+0) = 79 ,
- .
4
ΔG :
CΟ() + C() = C() + CΟ()
㳿 ó
ΔG = (ΔG0 CO + ΔG0 Ca) = (ΔG0 Ca + ΔG0 C) = (137,2 + 0) (603,8 + 0) = =446,6 , ΔG>0. , .
,
C() + CΟ() = CΟ() + C() ΔG= 466,6 .
ΔG , , . , , , 㳿.
, 㳿 , .
, :
2Al+2/3O2== Al2O3 ΔG = 1555/
, ΔG0 , .
, () 㳿:
ΔG0 N2O = 103,6 /
, 㳿 ( 㳿 ó) , .
.
9.1
9.2 ?
9.3 ?
9.4 ?
9.5 ?
9.6 ?
9.7 ?
9.8 ?
9.9 ?
9.10 㳿, , ﳿ.
9.11 ?
9.12 ?
9.13 ?
9.14 ?
9.15 () ?
9.16 ?
9.17 ?
9.18 ﳺ ?
9.19 ﳿ ?
9.20 ﳺ ?
9.21 ?
9.22 ³ ?
9.23 ? .
9.24
?
9.25 ?
9.26 ?
9.27 ﳿ?
9.28 ?
9.29 ?
9.30 ³ ﳿ?
9.31 ? ﳺ?
9.32 㳿 ó?
9.33 ó ?
9.34 ?
9.35 ?
9.36 㳿 ?