. 1. . Kn4 K2r27.
[O] | [O] | |||
R-CH2-OH | → | R-CH=O | → | R-CO-OH |
2 , , . , :
N | ||||
R-CCl3 | → | [R-C(OH)3] | → | R-COOH + 2 |
-3NaCl |
3. () , . , , :
3-r + NaCN → CH3 - CN + NaBr.
() :
CH3CN + 22 → CH3COONH4.
:
CH3COONH4 + HCl → 3 + NH4Cl.
4. :
2
R-MgBr + 2 → R-COO-MgBr → R-COOH + Mg(OH)Br
5. :
R-COOR1 + → R-COOK + R'OH,
R-COOK + HCl → R-COOH + KCl.
6. :
(RCO)2O + 2 → 2RCOOH.
7. .
(II) :
200 , | H2SO4 | |||
NaOH + | → | HCOONa | → |
:
2410 + 5O2 → 43 + 22.
:
565-3 + 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 = 565 + 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 14H2O.
, . 4060%- . ( ):
. , , . :
RCOOH RCOO- + +
- . , , , . , () = 1,7*10-5.
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, , . , , , (-/). . , , , +I. . Ka . , .
Ka |
CH3CH2COOH 1,3*10-5 |
CH3CH2CH2COOH 1,5*10-5 |
CH3COOH 1,7*10-5 |
CH3-CH=CH-COOH 2,0*10-5 |
CH2=CH-CH2COOH 3,8*10-5 |
CH2=CH-COOH 5,6*10-5 |
HCOOH 6,1*10-4 |
C6H5COOH 1,4*10-4 |
CH2ClCOOH 2,2*10-3 |
CH3-C≡C-COOH 1,3*10-3 |
CHCl2COOH 5,6*10-2 |
HOOC-COOH 5,9*10-2 |
CCl3COOH 2,2*10-1 |
, , .
2. . . , , :
2RCOOH + g → (RCOO)2Mg + 2,
2RCOOH + → (RCOO)2Ca + 2,
RCOOH + NaOH → RCOONa + 2,
RCOOH + NaHCO3→ RCOONa + 2 + 2↑.
, :
CH3COONa + HCl → 3 + NaCl.
:
3 + 2 3 + .
.
3. . (X) , RΗX; R . (RCN), , .
(V) :
R-CO-OH + l 5 → R-CO-Cl + l3 + HCl.
() () () () () () |
:
2R-CO-OH + 25 → (R-CO-)2O + 23.
( ):
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" ".
:
R-CO-Cl + Na-O-R' → R-CO-OR' + NaCl.
:
3--l + C3 → 3--C2 + HCl.
, :
t | ||
CH3-COONH4 | → | CH3-CO-NH2 + 2 |
:
205 | ||
CH3-CO-NH2 | → | CH3-C≡N + 2 |
- . :
R-CO-X + 2 →R-CO-OH + .
. , :
R-CO-OR' + NaOH → R-CO-ONa + R'OH.
4. . , , (-):
3-2- + r2 | → | 3-r- + r |
:
2=- + 2 → 3-2-,
2=- + l2 → 2l-l-,
2=- + HCl → 2l-2-,
2=- + 2O → -2-2-,
.
.
5. - .
, :
2[] | ||
3 | → | 3 + 2 |
4[] | ||
3 | → | 32 + 2 |
6[] | ||
3 | → | 26 + 220 |
. :
2S4() | ||
→ | + 2 |
, :
2. " ":
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → 2Ag + (NH4)2CO3 + 2NH3 + H2O,
:
C3 + g2 → 2g + 2 + 2.
, :
+ l2 → 2 + 2HCl.
2 2:
3 + 22 → 22 + 22.
6. . - ї . :
t | ||
CH3-CH2-COONa + NaOH | → | 26↑ + Na2CO3 |
:
70C | ||
l3 | → | CHCl3↑ + 2↑ |
2 :
t | ||
-2- | → | 3 + CO2↑ |
. - , CnH2n+1 COOH. , . , () "" . ; 17 , , "" . , "" ; 10 .
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, 1-3 , . , .
. ; .
t | t | |||
() | HCOOH | |||
() | CH3COOH | |||
() | CH3CH2COOH | -22 | ||
() | CH2=CH-COOH | |||
() | CH3(CH2)4COOH | -2 | ||
() | C15H31COOH | |||
() | C17H35COOH | |||
(--9-) | C17H33COOH | |||
(-9,12-) | C17H31COOH | -5 | ||
(-9,12,15-) | C17H29COOH | -11 | ||
() | C6H5COOH | |||
() | HOOC-COOH |
( ) .
, , .
.
[ | ]
. :
, . O+H2:
:
: , 18O, :
. , . ( ) . ; , , . () . () . . - . , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , , , . . , . , . , . . (, , .). - , . , , , . . , , . . , , ( ). . 16 , ( ) . , , (12); , . , (, 0,4%), ( =911) . . , : , ( ).
. .
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