. .
300 , 20 (α-) (), ( ). . , . , , . ; , . , (, , ), , , , , , . .; .
, -NH2.
, .
.
1. - α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε- . .
2. , .
3. (), , . .
- :
α- :
CHCOOH │ NH2 |
- . .
:
, - .
:
α- R-CH(NH2)COOH
|
|
, , .
. α-
(R) | ||
Gly () | H - | |
Ala () | CH3 - | |
Val () | (CH3)2CH - | |
Leu () | (CH3)2CH CH2 - | |
Ser () | OH- CH2 - | |
Tyr () | HO C6H4 CH2 - | |
Asp () | HOOC CH2 - | |
Glu () | HOOC CH2 CH2 - | |
Cys () | HS CH2 - | |
Asn () | O = C CH2 │ NH2 | |
Lys () | NH2 CH2- CH2 CH2 - | |
Phen () | C6H5 CH2 - |
, -, NH2 - ..
:
- :
1.
2.
3.
α-, N2-CH2-COOH.
( 250) , . . , . .
1. :
1 :
2 1
R-CH2-COOH + Cl2 t, hν → R-CH-COOH + HCl (. )
│
Cl
2-
2 :
α
R-CH-COOH + 2NH3 → R-CH-COOH + NH4Cl
│ │
Cl NH2
α -
2. ():
CH2-CO-NH-CH-COOH + H2O ↔ CH2-COOH + CH3-CH-COOH
│ │ │ │
NH2 CH3 NH2 NH2
- ()
3. . , α - .
, - .
-
I.
1. → -:
. , , :
+ -
NH2-CH2-COOH ↔ NH3-CH2-COO
-
, .
2. → ():
α- .
3. → + :
NH2-CH2-COOH → NH2-CH3 + CO2↑
|
|
II. ()
1. → :
NH2-CH2-COOH + NaOH → NH2-CH2-COONa + H2O
2. → (. ):
NH2-CH2-COOH + CH3OH HCl()→ NH2-CH2-COOCH3 + H2O
3. → :
NH2-CH(R)-COOH + H-NH2 → NH2-CH(R)-CONH2 + H2O
4. ε- , ε- ( ):
III. ()
1. → :
HOOC-CH2-NH2 + HCl → [HOOC-CH2-NH3]Cl
HOOC-CH2-NH2*HCl
2. ( ):
NH2-CH(R)-COOH + HNO2 → HO-CH(R)-COOH + N2↑+ H2O
( -)
IV.
1. - !
2. α- . (II), , α-.
- " ".
1) ;
2) , ; , , ;
3) , ;
4) ;
5) (, , );
6) , ;
7) : .