.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


().




3.1.

. (, , ) .

( ) ( ).

() - ( ), .

, , , , .

() , , .. , , - .

. , , , . .

.

, .

, , .

l.

.

. ( ), .

, , .

.

, ( = const) ( ).

k =1,4.

. , , ,

pV n =const

, V =1/ρ - , n - , n =1 ( ) n =1,4 ( ).

, : z - ; p - ; ρ w 2/2 - .

,

p 0. ,

, , , . (ρ=1,25 /3, ν=14,9 2/ p =101,3 t =20C).

, . . .

. . . , dl

(15.1)

, (14.1)

(15.2)

: ω - , 2; G - , /; γ - , /3, (15.2)

(15.3)

p / γ = const (15.3)

(15.4)

(15.4) p 1 p 2, - 0 L (L - )

(15.5.1)

(15.5.2)

(15.5) G (p 1 - p 2) d. (15.5) G (p 1- p 2).

. () :

- ;

- .

D / D = ( 1 + 2)/2.

(D / < 5%), , ; () .

(D / >5%) , .

 

 

3.2.

.

D p - .

ρ g (z 1- z 2) , . , , D z = 20, , , D =25 000 .

ρ g D z =1,2 /3.9.81.20 = 240 , 0,01 D , , , ρ g D z .

(15.6)

.. . (/2)

(15.7)

(15.8)

ρ = /(RT) - , /3 [ = ( 1 + 2)/2; p 1 2- ].

(15.7) (15.8) ρ w 2 /2 .

(15.7)

(15.9)

R - ( 1 ); R i T R = ρ gi T, i T .

. ,

(15.10)

(15.10) λ = 0,11(k / d + 68Re)0,25, , .. ,

(15.11)

D - , . . .; l - , ; k - , ; d - , ; ν - , 2/; Q - , 3/; - , /3 ( 0 760 . .).

. k / d << 1922 d v / Q ( ), (15.11)

(15.12)

w <3 /.

k / d >> 1922 d ν / Q ( ),

, k =0,1

. () , (15.7) d ,

(15.13.1)

λ .. ,

(15.13.2)

( , .) , , , , ; Re.

3.3.

 

. ( , ), .

, .

, .

, ρω w = const pw = const ω = const. (. . ), , , , .

, , .. z 1- z 2 ( ), .

, , D = 1- 2 = 196 000 ( 1=294 000 ); D z = z 1- z 2=20 ; w 1=20 /; w 2 = 25 /; t =27=300 ; R =287 /(.).

, 500 300 .

, , . ( , )

- dp = dp T. (15.14.1)

- (14.13)

(15.14.2)

, , . . ρ = f (l); w = f 1(l); λ = f 2(l). , . , , . ( ), . , .

, λ = f (Re; k / d). ( k d).

G - .

. ( ), , . , .

(6.52) w 1 . w ρ w 1 ρ1 w = w 1ρ1 / p. (15.14),

(15.15)

,

(15.16)

(15.15)

(15.17)

1 2(p 2 - ),

(15.18)

(15.18)

(15.19)

(15.20)

, (15.18),

(15.21)

(15.21) - , D p / p 1. ,

D p / p 1 < 5%, (14.22)

2,5%, .

, , 1, - , .

. , ,

(15.23)

, (14.18) λ= 0,11(k / d + 68Re)0,25 (. 8.2.2), ( 0 0,1 ), , .. ,

(15.24)

p 1 p 2 - , ; L , ; d - , ; k - , ; γ- , /3; Q - , 3/; ν - , 2/.

γ, Q ν . (15.24) , .

, k / d << 1922 d ν / Q k / d >> 1922 d ν / Q, (15.24)

(15.25)

(15.26)

(15.26), , (w >50 /).

. l , . , l

(15.27)

d .

l

(15.28)

d - .

l (15.27) (15.28) (15.23) () d, G ( ):

(15.29)

(15.30)

(15.29) (15.30) .

 

3.4.

 

. - . , .

- .

, , . ( 10 60 /), .

, , . - , , , , (, , ).

, , , , - .

.

, μ, R λ. ( 1 ) , λ Re .

(, ) , .

. , .

, . , 70 , .

( ) ( ).

1500 , 2000 .

5%, - 35% (, ) .

, , . , .

( ) , 25%.

, , , (, , , ).

, , , .

, , , .

, , 30 /, 20 /.

. .

, , .

, , , .

80 / (30 / ) ; 60 / (20 / ) .

, , , .

, 20 % , .

, , 10 % .

15%.

, .

, , , . , , .

, ( ) .

, , 1. 20-25%.

. . , 2.04.07-86 .

. , .

Δ , , ( ) ,

(15.31)

R - ( , ), /; l - , ; Z - , .

Δ ,

(15.32)

n - ; Σ l - , .

, . , . = 2000 .

(15.33)

0,9 - , .

n 0,65, - 0,8. (15.33) , (15.32).

.

, (. 15.1), .

, . 15.1. .

 

. 15.1.

 

15.1

, , /

70

30
20

70

80
60

3.5. ()

 





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