. , , . , , . , . , , () () , 1.
. () ()? , ? ? .
: . () , ; . [.237] , . , . , .
. , 2. .. . .
(Lukes, 1977: 18; Hindess, 1994: 334335; Clegg, 1989: 100-101; Debnam, 1984: 7273; Layder, 1994: 371), . , . , , ( ) 3; [.238] (Lukes, 1977: 18). , .
, . .. , , . , , , , (structural constraint) (Lukes, 1977: 24).
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; . , , (Lukes, 1978: 635). , . , , , , (Lukes, 1974: 5455).
, , ; ( ), . , ,
(human agency). , , [.239] , . , , . (Lukes, 1977: 67) |
. , , , . . , , , , (Lukes, 1977: 9) 4.
. , . , , , . , (Layder, 1994: 371).
. -, (agency and action), , [.240] , (locus) . -, (Layder, 1994: 375). , (structural constraints). , , , . , ( ) , . .
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, , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , .
, , , , . , - , - . [.241] . , , , . , , , (Layder, 1994: 377378).
, ( ) ( ), , . , , , .
, , , , , , () (Layder, 1994: 378). , . . , , . (Clegg, 1989: 101) 5. [.242]
. , . , , (dualistic), (Knights and Willmott, 1994: 328). , , , (Giddens, 1979: 91).
(duality of structure), , . , , ; . (Giddens, 1989: 256). . , . , ,
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, , . , , [.243] . "" : , "", ( ) . (Giddens, 1984: 25) |
, , , . , .
, , , ; , , , . , , : (Giddens, 1977: 130). , , . , , , : (traces), . , ; , (constituted and reconstituted) . , . , (Giddens, 1976: 127).
, . (reproduced practices). , [.244] , , . , , , , (Giddens, 1984: 25).
, .
. : (transformative capacity) (Giddens, 1984: 15). (agency) ; , (make a difference):
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" " (intervene) , . , , . (make a difference) . , , - . (Giddens, 1984: 14) |
. , , , [.245] . , ; - , . ; , . (Giddens, 1984: 1516).
, , . ., , (Clegg, 1989: 139) 6. , : . , , , (agency) , (Clegg, 1989: 140). , , . , , , ( ) (Layder, 1994: 379).
(structural constraint). (agency) , , [.246] , - . :
, , , / . (durability) 蔅 , ( , ) , , , (inchoate) (evanescent), - . (Layder, 1994: 382) |
, , - () () , . , , . : , , , , . , , .
, , , : - [.247] . , , , . (Clegg, 1989: 145) |
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, , , , , , . - , , . , , , . , , ( ). , , , , . , , , .
. . , , , . -, (), , . -, , [.248] , .. , ( ) (Betts, 1994: 351352) 7.
, . (agency/structure problem), , , . (event causation and agency causation) () (fate and agency). To .
. -, , ( ), . (agency) . () : ( ?) , . (the result of agency causation) [.249] , . , , (fate) (event causation) (Betts, 1994: 353).
(fate) (agency) : , ; , . (agency) , . . , , (outcome of agency causation) (Betts, 1994: 353). , (fate causation) , .
, . , , . , , . , . (agency causation). (Betts, 1994: 353354) |
(agency), . , , [.250] , - . , . , .
, (agency causation), () . , , . (, , , ..) , ( ).
. , , . . ., (bias) , . , ; ( ) . : , , , , ; . , , , , , , [.251] .
, , ; - . ( ) , , , . , - , , , .
. , , . , ( , , ..), , .
. , , , , . : [.252] , , , , , , .
, , . , . . , , , ; , , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , : ; . , , (Morriss, 1987: 107109).
, , , , ( , , , , , ..,), . , , . , , ( ), . , , , [.253] . ; , , 8. () .
, - : , . , , .. - , .
, , , , . , , , . , , , .
, , [.254] . , , () , , , , .
, , , , , , , -, , , , , (agency). , () (Layder, 1994; 386), .
. , , . (Edwards, 1979), . , , , , , , , .., . , , . (Layder, 1994: 383385). [.255]
, , , , . [] . , , , , . () (Layder, 1994: 385).
, (Layder, 1981, 1984). , , ( ) . , , . - , , , .
, , , , , . , [.256] , , (Layder, 1994: 385).
( , ) . , , , , . (, ), , 9; .
, , ( ): (1) ( ) (, ), ; (2) , . , , , (agency) , . , - . , : , .
, . [.257] , . , , . ( ). , (, , , ..), , .
-, , . , , ( , ) , , . , , , (, ): . ( ) . , , - , , (, ).
-, , . [.258] , : , ; ( -) . , , () . , , , , .
-, , , , .. . , . , , - ( ). ( ) , : - - . , , . , , 10. [.259]
, , , . .
. , , . , , .
-, , , . , , , , .
. (Barry, 1988) .. . . . , [.260] , , - , - : , . , , ; () , . , -, , , , . , , (Morriss, 1987: 99100).
, , , . , , - , . , , (Barry, 1988; 348). , . , , , , .
.:
, - (, , -), , , -, -, . (Polsby, 1980: 208) |
: [.261]
, . , - , . , -, ( ), . , . (Morriss, 1987: 106) |
:
, . , . , . , - , , , (Barry, 1988: 348) |
, (), . -. , .
, , , . (Wartenberg, 1988). (situated conception of power) , . , . [.262] (social alignment) , .
, , , , . (positioning of social others). , . , , , (Wartenberg, 1988: 341).
. , . , , , . , , , ( ) . :
, ( ) . [.263] . , , ; , - ; , ; , , : , , . , , , . ( ) , . , , . , , , . (Wartenberg, 1988: 322323) |
, , . , , . [.264]
1 agency/structure problem.
2 . : . , , , , , . , , , , , ( , 1: 192193).
3 (Dahl, 1957: 202203). , , . , , .
, . (Clegg, 1989: 6972) , , , , , . , ( ), , .
4 , () ( ). , , , . , - .
5 , . ., , (Molotoch and Boden, 1975). . , , . , , , (Clegg, 1989: 101).
6 (Bleicher and Featherstone, 1982; Hirst, 1982; Gross, 1982; Ashley, 1982; Urry, 1982; Lellan, 1984).
7 , (agency) - (not agency). : .
8 , , -. , , (Morriss, 1987: 27). . .
9 , .
10 , . , (, ) . , . . , , . , : , , . , , , , , . () , .
11. ()
, . . , .
. :
-, -;
, , -, -;
, , ;
, , .
() - , (), : , ; , , , . , ( , ). [.265]
. : ; ( ) , ; .
, , ( ) (), , () . . () () .
, , , , , .. .
-, , .
-, , , () - , . , () ( ): ; , [.266] ( ). , , .
-, , / . () , . () . , ; , , , , ..
-, , . . , , .. .
, , , / . . [.267] ( ), - ( ), .
(1) , , (2) : (, ) . , . , ( , ) , , , , .
, . , ().
, .
, , . . , , , ,