.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





.

 

, N N. , .

(0,1)- .

1. 2- . .

. , u, (0,1)- u1, :

u1(1) = 0, u1(2) = 0, u1(1,2) = 1

u1(2) = u1(1,2)  u1(1) = 1  0 =1,

(*). , .

, .

 

2. 3- . u  (0,1)- ,

u(1) = u(2) = u(3) = 0, u(1,2,3) = 1.

:

u(1,2) = u(1,2,3)  u(3) = 1 0 =1,

u(1,3) = u(1,2,3)  u(2) = 1 0 =1,

u(2,3) = u(1,2,3)  u(1) = 1 0 =1,

, , . , : .

3. 4- . .

(0,1)- u

u(1) = u(2) = u(3) = u(4) = 0

u(1,2,3,4) = 1.

,

u(1,2,3) = u(1,2,3,4)  u(4) = 1 0 =1;

u(1,2,4) = u(1,2,3,4)  u(3) = 1 0 =1;

u(1,3,4) = u(1,2,3,4)  u(2) = 1 0 =1;

u(2,3,4) = u(1,2,3,4)  u(1) = 1 0 =1.

.

(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4).

:

u(1,4) = 1 u(2,3),

u(1,3) = 1 u(2,4),

u(1,2) = 1 u(3,4).

, , . x1, x2, x3, ..

u(1,4) = x1, u(2,4) = x2, u(3,4) = x3,

u(2,3) = 1 x1, u(1,3) = 1 x2, u(1,2) = 1 x3.

0 £ x1, x2, x3 £ 1,

, ( ), , ( 1 ). (x1, x2, x3) , .. .

, .

 

4. , 4- , .

, n , .. .

.

 

1. 2- N ={1,2},

u(Æ) = u(1) = u(2) = u(1,2) = 1.

, .

 

2. 3- N ={1,2,3},

u(Æ) = u(1) = u(2) = u(3) = 0; u(1,2,3) = 1.

( )

u(1,2) = C3, u(1,3) = C2, u(2,3) = C1,

0 £ C1, C2, C3 £ 1.

, , 4- .

3- .

 

, .

. x = (x1,..., xn) y = (y1,..., yn) G = {N,u}, K Ì N  . x y K,

1) £ u(K) ( )

2) xi > yi iÎK ( )

 

, x , : . , , , , .

 : xi > yi , .. K y , x, x y K, , xi > yi .

x y K

.

. x y, K, x y. :

x > y.

x > y , N , x y. , , , . . , , .

.

. u u1  , x y , x > y > .

, , , , ( ) (0,1)- ,  .

, .

.

. (0,1)- ( 1). 1,2,3, , , {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}.

. x1, x2, x3, 60, x3 x1 x2 (.1), x = (x1, x2, x3)  x1, x2, x3, , .1. (, x .1. x1 < 0, x2 > 0, x3 > 0).

 

 

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1.

x1, x2, x3, (6). , . , (0, 1)- , x (. . 2). x1, x2, x3

x1 + x2 £ u(1, 2), x1 + x3 £ u(1, 3), x2 + x3 £ u(2, 3).

, ,

x1 + x2 = 1 - x3 £ 1 = u(1, 2), x1 + x3 £ 1, x2 + x3 £ 1.

x = (x1, x2, x3) y = (y1, y2, y3)

{1, 2}, x1 > y1, x2 > y2;

{1, 3}, x1 > y1, x3 > y3;

{2, 3}, x2 > y2, x3 > y3,

.. y ( , x) . 3, x y, , x.

 

x3 = - 1 x2 = - 1

 

x = (x1, x2, x3)

 

 

x3 = 1 - C3

x1 = 0

 

 

x1 = 1 - C1 x2 = 1 - C2

.3. 4

 

, x y - , , .

. (0, 1)- .

x = (x1, x2, x3) y = (y1, y2, y3) {1, 2}. :

, C3 < 1, (7) , - . , x

x1 + x2 = C3.

, (6),

x3 = 1 + C3.

, x ,

x1 ³ 1 - C1, x2 ³ 1 - C2, x3 ³ 1 - C3,

, . 4, , x y.

(8) , , , 2 - , . 5, x y.

 

x1 = 1 - C 1 x2 = 1 - C 2 x2 = 1 - C 2 x1 = 1 - C 1

 

 

x3 = 1 - C3

x

 

 

. 5. 6

 

, , , . . , .. , . - .

. x - u, , K

(9) x, , - .

- :

1) - ;

2) - .

(0; 1)- (. 7).

Ÿ :

u(Æ) = u(1) = u(2) = u(3) = 0;

u(1, 2, 3) = 1,

u(1, 2) = 3; u(1, 3) = 2; u(2, 3) = 1,

0 £ 1, 2, 3 £ 1.

x -

x1 + x2 ³ C3, x1 + x3 ³ C2, x2 + x3 ³ C1

, x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,

x3 £ 1 - C3, x2 £ 1 - C2, x3 £ 1 - C1.

 

 

 

 

1 2


. 7

 

, x i- (. . 7),

x i = 1 - i (i = 1,2,3)

(10)

x1 + x2 + x3 £ 3 - (1 + 2 + 3)

, , x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,

1 + 2 + 3 £ 2.

(12) -. , (12) , e1, e2, e3,

,

xi = 1 - Ci - ei (i = )

xi (10), .. x = (x1, x2, x3) - -.

- (. 7), - , (11)

 

 

3 3

 

 

 


1 2 1 2


. 8. 9

 

,

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,

(11) . , , -

x1 = 1 - 1, x2 = 1 - 2.

0 £ 1 £ 1, 0 £ 2 £ 1, x1, x2 ³ 0.

x3 = 1 - x1 - x2 = 1 - (1 - 1) - (1 - 2) = 1 + 2 - 1.

, x3 ³ 0,

1 + 2 - 1 ³ 0

1 + 2 ³ 1.

- .7 . - . , 1 + 2 < 1, - - (.8). , ‑, (11) . , ,

1 + 2 < 1; 2 + 3 < 1; 1 + 3 < 1,

- , .9.

 

, , - . , , -, - , .. . - , , - , , . . , , .

 

. . , : - , , - , , , . .

. - (--) R , :

1) : R ;

2) : S R, r, R, S.

-- , - , --, ; , , .

. - C -- R, CÌ R.

--.

-- , .. .

--.

1. , --. , - , --. -- , - .

2. , --, , , . , --, : , , .

3. , . , - -- .

4. -- .

: , .

-- . , , , .

. u - T,

u(S) = u(S Ç T)

S.

T , , T, , .

. u  n , p  N . pu - , S = { i1, i2,..., iS }

u ({p(i1), p(i2),..., p(iS)}) = u(S).

pu , u p, - pu.

 

.

1. . S  u,

= u(S)

,  , , , .

2. . p iÎN

(pu) = j i (u),

.. , ,   .

3. . u¢ u¢¢,

j i (u¢ + u¢¢) = j i (u¢) + j i (u¢¢),

..  , .

. ( ) u n-

j (u) = (j1(u), j2(u),..., jn(u)),

.

. j, .

. wS(T), S, ,

wS(T) =

, S , S.

,

tT.

: , i - T,

u(T) - u(T \{ i })

i- ; g i (T)  , i - T \{ i }; j i (u)  i - . , u  ,

,

T T, T \{ i } .

 

. ,

a1 = 10, a2 = 20, a3 = 30, a4 = 40.

, . , 1. , :

{2; 4}, {3; 4},

{1; 2; 3}, {1; 2; 4}, {2; 3; 4}, {1; 3; 4},

{1; 2; 3; 4}.

.

j1 , T = {1; 2; 3}, , T \{1} = {2; 3} . T t = 3 ,

.

, , 2- : {2; 4}, {1; 2; 3}, {2; 3; 4}.

.

, , .

, . , , ,

,

, , .

, 2- 3- , . , 2- 3- . 1- 4- , .

 

[DK1] [DK1]





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