1. A, an means "a name" given to a thing or a person, implies the meaning of
"some".
This is a (= some) text-book. Here is a (= some) letter for you.
2. A, an means "any" thing or any person. Read a (= any) book during your holidays. Introduce me to a f= any) manager in your company.
3. A, an + an adjective means one of a category. She is a clever girl (= one of clever girls).
Beethoven is a great composer (= one of great composers)
The meanings of the Definite Article
1. The means that the speaker distinguished the thing or the person from the other
persons or things of the same category.
Give me the newspaper (which is on the table). Where is the book I left here?
2. The is used when the thing or the person is mentioned not for the first time but
for the second or third time or more than that.
Today we read an article. The article deals with ecological crisis. The article is interesting.
3. The also has the meaning "the only person" or "the only thing". In such cases the
noun always has a limiting attribute. The latter may be expressed or understood.
Beethoven is the composer Nancy likes best.
This is the book Mrs Noon has published this year.
4. The denotes that only one thing with this name exists,
the world, the earth
the sun, the moon the sky, the universe the capital of a country
5. The is used with a noun in the singular, when it is a representative
of a whole class.
The producer must know needs of his customers.
Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of articles. State the meanings of articles used in the exercise.
1. This firm is a commodity (product, goods) competitor for us.
2. Let us take an example. Let us consider a method of the organisation of production process. It may be any method.
3. The result of this process is a final product.
4. It is one of the three stages in production activity.
5. This is the constituent that we spoke about.
6. This is the book to read and discuss.
7. Where are the raw materials? (the speakers spoke about them before)
8. The consumer is always right, is not he?
9. Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, was the capital of the Kyiv Russ in the past.
10. This is a commercial service. The service is very popular with our customers.
Translate from Ukrainian into English:
1. ?
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. - .
6. ?
7. ֳ .
8. .
9. .
10. . , . .
11. , .
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12. .
13. .
14. .
Read the following song, translate it. State the meaning of the articles used
by you, fill in the articles if necessary.
Family of... Man
I belong to.......... family........... biggest on.......... Earth
Ten thousand every day are coming to................. birth.
Our name isn't Davies, Mallgrows or Jones
It's....... name every man should be proud he owns.
It's....... Family of........... Man - keeps growing,
...... Family of........... Man - keeps sowing
...... seeds of.......... new life every day.
I've got........ sister in........... Melbourne,............ brother in Paris,
...... whole wide world is.............. Dad and......... Mum to me.
Wherever you turn you'll find............... my kin
Whatever......... creed or.......... colour of........... skin.
From........ North Pole ice to............. snow at.......... other
There is not.......... man I wouldn't call............. brother.
But there isn't much............ time I've had my fill
Of....... man of.......... war who intend to kill.
Some people say............ world is........... horrible place
But it's just as good or bad as.............. human race.
...... Dirt and.......... misery or............ health and........... joy
...... Man can build or can destroy.
What is the idea of the song?
What kind of family is the song about? (The Davies, Mallgrows, Jones families or
the Mankind family?)
COMMUNICATION
Forms of Address When we address our friends we use their first names, say, Natasha, Ann, Peter, Vera. If we address people whom we know not very well we use Mr/ Mrs/ Miss followed by surname: Mr. Hunter - to a man Mrs. Hunter - to a married woman
Miss Brown - to a girl or unmarried woman. Other forms of address are:
1. Sir - used to a man who is older or more senior than oneself, to male customers.
2. Madame - used by shop assistants, waiters to customers.
3. Doctor - used to medical practitioners. When you address a person with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the surname is included, say, Dr. Heller.
4. Professor - used with or without the surname. (Simply Professor is more formal).
5. Ladies and Gentlemen - to an audience.
6. Waiter/Porter/Nurse, etc. to people in certain occupations.
7. Officer - to a policeman.
13. After learning forms of address by heart give your own examples. Each sentence begins with some address. Give 10 examples. For example:
* (A waiter at a restaurant to a customer, a woman of 30)
- Madame, are you satisfied with our service?
* (A professor makes a report at a conference)
- Ladies and Gentlemen, My report is about the problem of raw materials
today.
* (A shop assistant to a young man or to an old man)
- Sir, what can I do for you? Would you like to buy anything from
us?
Language and Humour
Employee -"Sir, can you let me off tomorrow afternoon to go Christmas shopping
with my wife?"
Employer - "Certainly not! We are too busy!"
Employee (much relieved) - "Thank you, sir, you are very kind!"
"When water becomes ice," said the professor, "what is the greatest change that
takes place?"
"The price, sir." ***
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"Darling, you would be a marvellous dancer but for two things." "What are they, sweetheart?" "Your feet."
3-4
Text A: What is Economics?
Text B: From Primitive to Class Society.
Text C: Traditions in Great Britain. Grammar: The Forms and Functions of to
be.
Pronouns Communication based on active vocabulary. Attracting attention
Text A
Vocabulary 1. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
economics - () an economy - () ancient times - to hunt - trade - to trade -
wealth -
to describe -
commerce - ,
commercial - ,
since that time -
a branch -
rapidly -
employment -
however
definition -
relationship -
resources -
2. Read, translate and retell the following text.
Text A WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
"Economy is the art of making the most out of life. " George Bernard Shaw Economy is as old as hills. It is probably the first art which man acquired. When in ancient times some people went out to hunt while
others stayed to defend the fire and still others traded (exchange) some things for other ones, in all these cases we had economy.
But Economics as an academic discipline is new. The first important hook on Economics was published in 1776. It was "The Wealth of Nations" written by Adam Smith (1723-1790). The author of this book was a Scottish economist.
When he published the book Adam Smith was 53 years old. In the book he described the new world of industry and commerce. The fact is that his book founded classical economics modern for that time.
Since that time the subject developed rapidly. Now there are many branches of the subject. They are microeconomics, international economics, econometrics and so on.
There is an economic aspect to almost any topic we mention -education, health care, religion, employment, housing, transport, defence, etc.
Economics is a theory of how society works. It seems to be clear. However, it is difficult to define economics. There are many definitions.
The great classical economist Alfred Marshall defined: "Economics is the study of man in the everyday business of life". J. Beardshaw, a British economist, gave more modern definition. It is: "The human science which studies the relationship between resources and the various users which compete for these resources." 3. Retell the text according to the following plan:
1. Economy is an old notion.
2. The first book on Economics.
3. Adam Smith is the author of "The Wealth of Nations".
4. Many branches of Economics.
5. An economic aspect of any topic.
6. Definitions of Economics.
Text . Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
a tribe -', to govern , a government - a council - to distribute - a dispute - , to dispute - , disputable - to obey - to trust -
a private property an appropriation - a state - a prison - ' a court - a government body - transition from... to ... to predominate - ,
5. Read and translate the notes.
Notes:
1. Ancient civilisation. The level of economic and cultural development characteristic of slave society.
2. Before Christ. We begin to count the years of our era with the legendary birth of Christ. This is why "before Christ" means before our era. The abbreviation is B.C. The years before Christ are counted back from "the birth of Christ". Thus the 6'h century B.C. was before the 5 lh century B.C.
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3. A.D. Our era. The abbreviation of the Latin words Anno Domini which mean "in the year of Christ". After the lsl century B.C. comes the lsl century A.D.
4. The Continent. The continent of Europe.
6. Read, translate and write apian to the text. Retell it.
