There are many economic problems - poverty, inflation, unemployment, etc. People in different modern societies solve these problems in different ways.
The great American economist Paul Samuelson said that every economic society has to answer three main questions:
1. What to produce?
2. How to produce?
3. Who gets the product? t
These questions are universal. They are true for any economic system. So, it has the three functions.
The first function is to make a right decision what goods we are going to produce with the given resources - clothes, food, cars, television sets, books, etc?
The second function is to decide how we are going to produce goods and services with the basic resources of labour, land, etc. What methods are best and the most effective is an important question here.
The third function. Once we have produced goods and services we now have to decide how these will be divided, distributed among the people in the economy.
3. Retell the text according to the plan:
1. Economic problems;
2. The three main questions;
3. The first function of any economic system;
4. The second function;
5. The third function.
4. Read, translate the text and make up your own plan. Retell the text according to the plan.
2. WHAT IS ECONOMIC GROWTH?
When we speak of economic growth we mean an increase in the GDP of a nation. The Gross Domestic Product is the total value of all production in an economy in a year. The GDP is a basic indicator. It shows how well a country's economy performs. The main features that cause such growth are the following:.
* increases in natural resources;
* increases in the production of goods and services;
* improvements in technology;
* improvements in human resource.
However, there is the difference between real and nominal increases.
Let us consider a real, historic example. Between 1968 and 1989 the GDP of the UK increased from J38 billion to 439 billion. It means an increase of 1045 per cent. But if we take into account inflation an increase is only about 60 per cent.
Many examples of this kind may be given concerning Eastern European countries during their transition period.
The GDP is also effected by the indicator of population growth. Say, the GDP grows at 5 per cent and the population grows at 10 per cent. In this case the GDP is declining.
Exercises 5. Make up sentences with the following synonyms: increase - growth country - state - nation
to take into account - to take into consideration to grow - to increase products - goods - articles
6. Make up sentences with the following antonyms: employment - unemployment poverty - wealth best - worst
growth - decline universal - local
GRAMMAR
Remember the forms of the verb "to have"
| The verb "to have" | |||
| Tense | Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative |
| Present Indefinite | I (we, you, they) have He (she, it) has | Have I (we, you, they)? Has he (she, it)? | I (we, you, they) have not He (she, it) has not |
| Past Indefinite | I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had | Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they)? | I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not |
| Future Indefinite | I (we) shall have He (she, it, you, they) will have | Shall I (we) have? Will he (she, it, you, they) have? | I (we) shall not have He (she, it, you, they) will not have |
10. Put the proper form of "to have".
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1. This year we... some production growth.
2. My friend... many English books in origin.
3. Originally, they... a small business.
4. Yesterday we... only total indicators.
5. "May I have your attention," she said. "We left."
6. Last year they... some decline in the GDP.
7. "Waiter, I would like... some more tea."
8. Next year you... some improvement in labour resources.
9. This idea... nothing to do with our decisions.
10. Next year our students... three periods in English.
11. Dr. Heller... a large home library.
12. "Doctor, can I... your attention, please?"
13. In five years our students... a new hostel.
14.... I... a lot of work to-morrow?
15. We... many subjects to study.
16. Next year we... not... so many exams.
Remember the functions of the verb "to have"
| The verb "to have" | |
| Functions | Examples |
| A Notional Verb An Auxiliary Verb A Modal Verb (an equivalent for the verb "must") | We all have the right to have different opinions. He has graduated from the University. Everyone has to take into account tastes of other people. |
11. Translate from English into Ukrainian. State the functions of "to have ".
1. Your work is wrong, you have to remake this work again.
2. How many classes do you have to-day?
3. This word has many different meanings.
4. He has made decisions in time.
5. We have different indicators of unemployment.
6. This week economists have discussed the problem of inflation.
7. This year the level of inflation has increased.
8. We have to take into account how well a country's economy performs.
Translate from Ukrainian into English. State the functions of "to have ".
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6.
Translate from Ukrainian into English paying attention to the functions of "to be" and "to have".
1. 14 .
2. 18 .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. ?
7. .
8. .
9. .
Translation
16. Translate:
"" .
"" .
, , , , , .
- , , ( ) (confectionaries). : , , , , (apple dumpling).npoTe . ҳ, , (having a sweet tooth), - .
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(pie) 1917. ' . , ...
. -, (ancestor) .
\1. Answer the following questions:
1. Did George Cohan make the right decision for himself what to produce?
2. How did George Cohan, being a baker and an entrepreneur at the same time, produce goods and services? He started a family business, didn't he?
3. Who got his products and services? Were the people satisfied with those products and services?
4. Using the words and word combinations given below speak on the Idea of McDonald's and your attitude to it.
1. a McDonald's restaurant,
2. during a day,
3. cheap prices,
4. it can cater for............... people,
5. to wait for a hamburger for not more than
6. McDonald's staff,
7. to gain experience and skill,
8. to come to work as instructors,
9. French-fries, meat of................. quality,
10. diet, to diet, dietary, dietetic, dietist,
11. to have some kind word to say about,
12. long (short) queues (lines),
13. world-standard service,
14. pie (the 2 meanings),
15. trends of global character, globally
6
Module test paper 1
7
Text B: Cattle- breeding
Grammar exercises
Communication based on active vocabulary Introductions
Text
Vocabulary. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
cattle - , to breed - (), an arable land - an ox - , oxen (pi.) a sheep - , sheep (pi.) a goat - ,
a common pasture - a hen -
a goose - , , geese (pi.) a duck - a pig - a nut - an acorn - a harvest - , also= crop to cover - , hay
alive and healthy - throughout - to get - , also= to obtain
8. Read and translate the following text. Answer the questions to it.
Text CATTLE-BREEDING
Besides arable-farming, the Anglo-Saxons continued their old occupations of cattle-breeding, hunting and fishing. Oxen, sheep and goats belonging to the villagers grazed on the common pastures, and poultry (hens, geese, ducks) would feed there also. Pigs were turned into the woodland to feed on nuts and acorns.
The animals were much smaller than those of today, and they did not weigh as much. They lived by grazing during the summer, and after the harvest they were allowed to roam over the arable land also. But in winter they could get little from the common pasture (nothing at all when it was covered with snow). The Anglo-Saxons had no root-crops and the only fodder in winter was hay, which was obtained from the meadow during the summer. The crop of hay was divided among the villagers. As a rale there was not very much hay, and it was not easy to keep the animals alive and healthy throughout the winter. In autumn the Anglo-Saxons had to kill most of their animals and salt the meat.
(From Zaitseva "Early Britain ").
Questions
1. What were the main occupations of the Anglo-Saxons in the V-X centuries?
2. What animals did the villagers breed?
3. How did the animals of that time look?
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4. How did they live during the summer?
5. How did the animals live during the winter?
6. Was it easy to keep the animals alive and healthy throughout the winter?
7. What did the Anglo-Saxons do in autumn?
9. Topic for discussion.
The old occupations of our ancestors () on the territory of the Kyiv Russ.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Each other
express mutual action or relation
One another
I don't really know this man and he doesn't really know me. But we respect and trust each other.
Each other implies only two.
One another implies more than two persons.
They all were students of our Academy ten years ago. Now that they met they were looking at one another with interest.
13 Fill in the blanks with the reciprocal pronouns or reflexive ones.
1. The students of our group always help....
2. Olga and Lora looked at... with understanding.
3. We'll keep... alive and healthy.
4. The farm... has hens, pigs, ducks, geese, oxen.
5. He... believes that every oak was an acorn.
6. Adam Green and his wife respect....
7. At our University teachers respect....
8. Indicators... are important for making decisions.
9. Mr. Brown and Mrs. Mitcher explain... the functions they perform.
10. A group of tourists and delegates to a conference looked at....
They had an excursion to the Arts Museum.
\4Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian. State the functions of "to be " and "to have ". 1.Gena is my brother's friend.
2. Sveta is working over the translation of this novel for five years.
.They are on business-trip in Turkey.
4.My parents are economists.
5.David is a student of an extra-mural department.
6. Boris has to work on Sundays this month.
7. Nancy has graduated from our University.
8. This office has a lot of experienced specialists.
9. Our flat has all modern conveniences.
10. Nick is to do all this work ahead of time.
11. Where are you going? I am going to the Institute.
12. My sister has already cleaned both her kitchen and her room. Now she has some free time to read. She has not to go to her office. Today she has her day off.
COMMUNICATION
Introductions In formal situations a person performing an introduction says: "May I introduce Mrs Parker? " Less formal introduction is: "Let me introduce... "or "I'd like you to
meet... In informal situations the two people say: "Hallo" In formal and semi-formal situations they use the phrase: "How do you
do?" If you have to introduce yourself, you say:
"May I introduce myself? My name is Helen Steshenko. I'm your guide (teacher,
doctor, etc)"
18. Read the illustrative dialogues and Make up your five dialogues beginning
with the phrases of introduction.
I. At a Congress (formal)
Mr. Hex: Dr. Brown I'd like to introduce Nick Patt, a colleague of
mine.
(To Mr. Patt) Dr. Brown from London University.
Mr. Patt: How do you do? Mr. Brown: How do you do?
Mr. Patt: I think the congress is very interesting. It touches many important
economic problems.
Mr. Brown: Tomorrow we'll have some discussions on such problems.
Mr. Patt: Will you participate?
Mr. Brown: By all means. As a matter of fact, they published my book on some of
these problems.
II. At a Party (informal)
Bob: Rose, this is my cousin David.
Rose: Hallo, David.
David: Hallo, Rose. Do you have a good time here? Rose: I like it. At least the party is better than I expected. Do you like it? David: So do I.
Rose: I heard you came from the USA. David: That's true.
Rose: You came to see England, don't you? David: Not exactly. I've come to study Economics at Oxford.
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Language and Humour
*H ^ ^
"You've already had leave, Ferguson, to see your wife off on a journey - for your mother-in-law's funeral - for your little girl's measles - your boy's christening -what is it now?" - "I'm going to get married, sir.""Have you anything to say before I pass sentence on you?" to. "Yes, your honour, I should like you to have your lunch first."
8
Text A: Natural Economy
Text B: About Myself, Family
Text C: The New Year in the USA
Grammar: The Construction there + to be
The verb to do
Communication based on active vocabulary Congratulations
Text A
Vocabulary 1. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
a natural economy - necessity - necessities - food - , foodstuffs a yarn - , rough - a peasant - leather - furniture - a forge a mill -
to produce to order - to sell - , money - a road - a track - to travel - a pedlar - , pedlary - a surplus -
2. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions following it,""
Text A
NATURAL ECONOMY
Each village was self-sufficient, that is, most of the necessities of life were produced in the village itself. The needs of the villagers were few and simple. Food, clothing and shelter were their basic needs.
Arable-farming and cattle-breeding satisfied the needs of the people in the way of foodstuffs, clothing and footwear. Wool from the sheep was spun into yarn and woven into rough cloth in the peasant's hut. The hides of the cattle were made into leather for shoes and harness. The trees provided wood which was used in the
building of houses and in making furniture and wagons. Smaller branches from the trees were cut and used as firewood.
In the village there was a forge where a blacksmith made and mended tools and weapons. There was also a wheelwright's workshop and a mill. Nearly every village had a stream which worked the mill and gave the people water.
There was very little trading at that time. There were no shops - the village artisans produced goods only to order; the farmers were not skilful, their crops were very poor, and they had not much to sell. The villagers had little or no money, and very little need for it, since they themselves produced most of what they wanted. Yet there were some things which the villagers could not produce. Iron and salt had to be brought in from outside.
Roads were very poor; there was seldom anything better than a muddy track between one village and the next. If goods had to be sent from one part of the country to another, they were carried on pack-horses or pack-mules. People did not travel very much. It is very likely that a person born in a village, lived in it all his life and died in it without ever having once left it. They knew nothing of what was going on in the world. To them the village was the world.
A travelling pedlar sometimes called at the village. He was always warmly welcomed. Everybody would gather round him eager to see what he had in his pack. Nails and needles and thread, salt and tar could be bought from the pedlar. Sometimes he had toys for the children.
Thus, natural economy, that is, a system under which every village was aifficient and produced all the necessities of life for consumption and not for sale, predominated in Britain in early medieval times. In the VIII-IX centuries the Anglo-Saxons sold only some surplus above their personal consumption.
Notes and meanings Anglo-Saxon times. The Anglo-Saxon period (V-XI centuries) which imresponds to the Early Middle Ages in the history of Britain.
Questions I
1. Were the necessities of life produced in the village itself in Anglo-Saxon times?
2. What were their basic needs?
3. What were the hides of the cattle made into?
4. What were the trees used for?
5. What were the functions of a forge?
6. What can you say about mills? Aj,
7. Was there little trading at that time? _
8. Were there any shops?
9. The villagers had little or no money, had not they?
10. Could the villagers produce iron and salt?
1. Were roads poor or good in that time?
2. What did they use to carry things?
Did people travel much?
Describe in short a typical peasant's life.
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What can you say about a travelling pedlar?
In what meaning is the pedlar used in modern English, in marketing especially?
How can you characterise natural economy as a system?
Exercises
NO 3. Insert the definite or indefinite article whenever it is necessary.
1. There was... village.... village was founded last century.
2. In Anglo-Saxon times... villagers knew nothing what was going on in... world.
3.... natural economy is... system under which every village is... self-sufficient
and produces everything for... consumption, not for sale.
4. This is... shop I have visited to-day.
5. They are... peasants who work at this village's mill.
6. William is... only young man of this group of delegates who doesn't make a speech at... conference.
7. When I introduced my old friend to Mary they both said "How do you do?" and started... conversation.
8. After that event Nancy stopped to trust to... man's honesty.
9. This works is... good producer of... modern machinery.
10. Here is... fax for you.
11. Here are... goods you ordered to produce.
GRAMMAR
Remember the construction "there + to be"
| There + to be | |||
| Tense | Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative |
| Present Indefinite | There is a book on the table. There are books on the table. | Is there a book on the table? Are there books on the table? | There is no book on the table. There are no books on the table. |
| Past Indefinite | There was a book on the table. There were books on the table. | Was there a book on the table? Were there books on the table? | There was no book on the table. There were no books on the table. |
| Future Indefinite | There will be a book (books) on the table. | Will there be a book (books) on the table? | There will be no book (books) on the table. |
4. Use the construction "there + to be" as in the example. Translate. Example: We have many English books in our library. There are many English books in our library.
1. They have many museums, schools and theatres in London.
2. They arranged an exhibition of modern necessities on the first floor of the building.
3. The conference hall is on the third floor and studies and lecture rooms are on the ground and first floors.
4. The foodstuffs department in the nearby supermarket is very large.
5. We have a mill and a forge in our village.
6. They had some money left in our bank.
7. Twenty five students will come to our students' evening party to the hostel.
8. In the past this department store had ten pedlars working outside the store.
5. Transform the affirmative form of each sentence into both the negative and the interrogative forms. Translate.
1. There is a road leading to our village.
2. There are some pedlars on the corner of Cherry Street.
3. There are some goods produced to order.
4. There is money for his food on that table.
5. There was a guide and six tourists in the museum.
6. In front of the office there is a group of people talking among themselves.
7. There were neighbours, Alan and his family doctor in the room.
8. In the village there was one shop for peasants of the village.
9. There are poor roads in this region.
lO.In two years there will be a large, modern supermarket there.
6. Translate using the construction "there + to be".
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
Remember the functions of the verb "to do "
The verb "to do"
| Functions | Examples |
| A Notional Verb | Nick has just done his bit concerning |
| your business. | |
| An Auxiliary Verb | You didn't do anything to help her. |
| a) The Present and Past Indefinite | Do (did) you speak English? Yes, |
| (interrogative and negative forms) | I do (did). |
| b) The Imperative Mood (negative | We don't (didn't) use the |
| form) | dictionaries. |
| c) To express emphasis | Don't be late for our party on |
| Sunday. | |
| Don't tell anybody about this news. | |
| We do (did) work hard. | |
| Do come in time! |
7. State the functions of "to do". Translate.
l.What foodstuffs do you prefer?
2.They do not produce to order, do they?
3.Don't be late for the lecture on Geography.
4.She did buy.some leather shoes.
5.He does such things in a hurry, that is what I do not like about him.
6.We do have only rough yarn.
7. You did work in the sphere of pedlary, didn't you?
8. Translate from Ukrainian. State the functions of "to do ".
.³ .
2.
. ?
4. ,
5. .
. !
9. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the verbs to be, to have, to do. Translate from English into Ukrainian, answer the questions following it and tell about yourself.
Text About Myself
My name... Anna Dovga. I... born and live in Kyiv. I live with my parents in the center of the city. We... a large flat. It... very comfortable with all modern conveniences in it.
My family... not very large. I... my mother, father and a brother. My parents... economists. My grandparents... also economists. So, I simply... to follow their steps. As a matter of fact, I... interested in economy, economic reforms, economic
problems from childhood. That's why I decided to enter the Academy of Statistics and Market.
I... a brother who... a lecturer at the Academy. His name... Oleg. He... already graduated from this Academy. My brother's work... interesting. Oleg... married. Oleg's wife... 2 years younger than he...and works as a doctor at a hospital. They... a little son who... only 2 years old. They... to pay much time and efforts to grow the little kid and take care of him. They both... love their kid.
I... many friends. We spend free time together. We... fond of literature, music and theatre. Some of my friends go in for sports. I prefer track-and-field athletics. As for Igor, one of my friends, he prefers heavy athhletics and water sports. I know much about track-and-field athletics. By the way,... you know that it in itself has 31 different events, but the most popular... running, jumping, throwing and walking?
I want to become an economist,... more precise, an accountant-general at some firm. The modern accountant not only... books but also helps managers to make decisions. It... very important for business. I hope my dream will become true someday.
Questions
1. What is the name of the girl?
2. Where does she live?
3. What kind of flat do they have?
4. Is her family large or small?
5. What can you say about Anna's parents and grandparents?
6. Why did Anna decide to enter the Academy of Statistics and Market?
7. Describe the family of Anna's brother.
8. Does Anna have any friends?
9. How do they spend their free time?
10. Anna's hobby is track-and-field athletics, is not it?
11. What interesting fact concerning track-and-field athletics is mentioned in the text?
12. What is Anna's dream?
All in the family Your father's mother is your grandmother. What do you call these people?:
1. Your mother's father;
2. Your father's sister;
3. Your father's brother's son;
4. Your sister's daughter;
5. Your mother's second husband (who is not your father);
6. Your father's grandmother;
7. Your son's wife;
8. Your daughter's daughter.
10. Read and learn the following words.
patronimic -
cousin
niece - ,
nephew - ,
father-in-law ()
mother-in-law - ()
relatives, relations -
in-laws - ()
widow -
widower -
grown-up, adult -
bring up
bringing up -
married - ,
single - ,
divorced - ,
orphan -
aunt -
uncle -
godfather (-mother) - ()
godson (-daughter) - ()
ancestor, predecessor -
descendant, offspring -
Like mother, like daughter
}
Like father, like son
11. Open the brackets, translate.
1. Official representatives, (), ( ) their flowers on the poet's grave.
2. Holy Trinity Church is known for its monument. Below it lie the graves of Shakespeare, his wife, Anne, his eldest daughter, Susanna, her husband, Dr Hall and Thomas Nash, Shakespeare's
( ).
3. ( , ) came to celebrate his birthday, however, ( ) stayed at home because of his disease.
4. It was a birthday dinner with traditional toasts to the person celebrating it which ended with a concert of popular songs arranged by ( )
5. The year she entered Stanford University she was () she lost her () and was (). Since tuition fees were very high, so she had to work.
6. When he was 50 he became (), he never married and (
).
7. Our () knew how to till Ukrainian black earth and had a reputation of real breadwinners. The genetic memory of their () proves to be strong today.
8. Her unusual talent was noticed and supported by her ( ).
9. Literary legacy of their (- ) is rich, vivid and diversified.
10. That year he was still () but a year later he married a childless () and they both decided to adopt () from an orphanage.
11. ( ) are well-bred, well-educated and well-intended people.
12. ( ) signed a document with effect from
tomorrow.
13. He does say and I do know that ( ) work in a pawn-shop (=hock-shop).
14. Wearing a high hat his () said, "Like father, like son".
12. Fill in the missing articles in the following story. Pay attention to the use of the verb "to do " in different functions and state them. Translate and discuss the story. What is your personal attitude to the case of Mary Stark?
