1-2
Text A: Production
Text : The Primitive Communal System
Grammar: Demonstrative Pronouns Article
The Family of Man (a song)
Communication based on active vocabulary Forms of Address
Text A
Vocabulary 1. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
an aim of production -
to create -
goods and services -
a producer -
various -
to satisfy -
constituent -
raw materials -
machinery -
a final product -
a product of labour -
a stage -
manufacturing
2. Read, translate the text and divide it into three logical parts.
Text A
PRODUCTION
The aim of production in any society is to create goods and services. They must satisfy the wants and needs of consumers. These wants and needs vary enormously. That is, they include the needs of daily bread and butter and the needs of travelling abroad and health care services. Producers of various goods and services must know these needs and wants very well to satisfy them in full.
The process of production in modern times is very complex. It is based on such important constituents as capital, raw materials, machinery and labour (human resources). The final product depends on either the quantity or the quality of the constituents or both. Organisation is also important. The organisation of the process of any production transforms raw materials, financial and human resources into a final (end) product.
Production activity is classified into three stages: 1. Primary production: the extraction of raw materials from the earth or sea, say, mining, farming.
2. Secondary production: the manufacturing of products such as clothing, cars from raw materials or other products.
3. Tertiary production: services that help primary and secondary production to be (exist). Such services can be personal, say, teaching, health care, etc, or commercial, say, banking, transport, etc.
Production line is a method of organising machinery and labour in preduelion.
Retell the text according to the plan:
1. The aim of production.
2. Producers and consumers.
3. The process of production, its constituents.
4. Organisation of production.
5. The three stages of production activity.
6. Primary production.
7. Secondary production.
8. Tertiary production.
Text
Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
primitive - , ,
tools - npanito
mix
a mixture - ,
to tame -
to till -
an iron -
deep -
soil (= land) - ,
a valley -
a corn - ,
a dwelling -
pottery -
to have much in common -
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property - ,
a man of property -
equal -
a lake -
to divide -
labour productivity - .
Read, translate the text and write apian. Retell the text according to the plan.
Text THE PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL SYSTEM
For some hundreds of thousands of years people lived under the primitive communal system. Labour gradually changed the life of man. The Iberians knew only stone tools and weapons; the Celts produced tools of metal - first, of bronze, that is, a mixture of copper and tin, and, later, of much harder metal, iron.
The improved tools of labour brought about important changes in the living conditions of primitive man. The Iberians had gathered or hunted their food, but the Celts began to tame and breed animals, to till the soil. Iron ploughs could cut the soil deeper, and so they could cultivate not only the light soil of the chalk downs but also the rich heavy soil in the valleys. They grew more and more corn. They began to build dwellings and to make clothing. They learned the art of pottery.
The life of the Celts differed greatly from that of the Iberians. But both the Iberians and the Celts lived under the primitive system. At all stages of its development primitive society had very much in common: the primitive people worked collectively in clans or family communities; they owned common property and were all equal.
The related members of the clan jointly owned their hunting-grounds, lands, rivers and lakes. They worked together and shared the products of their labour. All food was divided equally among the members
Their tools were primitive and the labour productivity was low. A man not produce any surplus over and above his immediate needs.
From S. Zaitseva "Early Britain" (to be continued)
GRAMMAR
Exercises
Remember the Demonstrative Pronouns:
| Number | Demonstrative Pronouns |
| Singular | this, that |
| Plyral | these, those |
7 Fill in the blanks with suitable Demonstrative Pronouns. Translate.
1. She works in... office.
2.... services are useful for you.
3.... production is very complex.
4.... products were made in time.
5. The quality of... product is high.
6.... building in front of us is our office and... building far from us
is a museum.
7.... books on the table read about economic problems,... books you have given
me last month read about some interesting facts from the history of Kyiv Russ.
8. Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian.
1. This business is too complicated.
2. That capital is not enough to start some business.
3.Consumers do not buy those goods.
4.These raw materials come from Ukraine.
5.Those producers of services are not familiar with the wants of
customers.
6. These constituents are important for any process of production.
7. That child is too small to travel abroad without parents.
8. This student always prepared his home assignments very well. 9. Remember the following:
| The Indefinite Article | The Definite Article | ||||
| a, an | the | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| a book | books | the book | the books | ||
| an account | accounts | the account | the accounts |
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