The world is open now. You may spend your holiday abroad. You may enter some University abroad or you may travel abroad to do some business or to carry out some research in business. They also can invite you ID take part in some international congress or conference.
Surely, you must know English. Nowadays it is a means of international communication and has the status of one of the world's most important languages.
It is also desirable to know something about traditions and customs of the countries you visit.
№ 10. Read, translate and retell the texts.
The New Year in England
In England many people ignore it and go to bed at the same time as usual. Some people, however, celebrate (святкують) it in one way or another. The way of celebration varies very much according to the local custom or family taste (смак).
However, there are the three types of celebration.
A New Year party begins at eight o'clock and goes until the early hours of the morning. There is a lot of drinking. The main drink (напій) is beer (пиво) but there is wine and whisky as well. There is a buffet supper of cold meat, pies (пироги), sandwiches, cakes and biscuits. At midnight on hearing the chimes of Big Ben they drink toasts to the New Year.
Another way of celebrating the New Year is to go to a New Year dance. It is popular among young people. It is a tradition in England that most hotels and dance halls hold a special dance on New Year's Eve. The hall is decorated, there are several different bands.
The heart of celebration is Picadilly Circus in London. People gather round the statue of Eros (статуя Еросу) to sing and welcome the New Year.
Those, who have no desire (бажання) to celebrate it sit and watch other people celebrating on TV. Lots and lots of people do so. It is an indication of the unimportance of the New Year in England. January Is', New Year's Day, is not a public holiday.
Remembrance Day (Poppy Day).
Remembrance Day is observed throughout Britain in commemoration of the million British soldiers, sailors and airmen who lost their lives during the two World Wars.
On that day special services are held in the churches and wreaths are laid at war memorials throughout the country and at London's Cenotaph (пам'ятник невідомому солдатові) where a great number of people gather to observe the two-minute silence and to perform the annual Remembrance Day ceremony.
The silence begins at the first stroke of Big Ben booming 11 o'clock, and is broken only by the crash of distant artillery and perhaps by the murmur of a passing jet. When the two-minute silence is over, members of the Royal Family or their representatives and political leaders come forward to lay wreaths at the foot of the Cenotaph. Then comes the march past the memorial of ex-service-men and women, followed by an endless line of ordinary citizens who have come here with their personal wreaths and their sad memories.
On that day artificial poppies (червоні маки), a symbol of mourning, are traditionally sold in the streets everywhere, and people wear them in their buttonholes. The money collected in this way is later used to help the men who had been crippled during the war and their dependants.
№11. Write a story "How I celebrated the New Year last time ".Retell the text "Remembrance Day" and tell about the way of celebration ofV-Day in Ukraine using the following:
1. to be observed
2. in commemoration of
3. to start an undeclared war
4. without precedent
5. unconditional surrender
6. war memorials
7. to pay homage to
8. to lay wreaths at
9. to experience bitterness of loss
10. anti-fascist coalition
11. peace-loving, freedom-loving
GRAMMAR
Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns indicate that some person or thing is indefinite. The indefinite pronouns are some, any, all, each, every, both, either, other, another, many, much, little, a little, few, a few, one.
The complex indefinite pronouns are somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, everybody, everything, everyone.
№ 12. Read the following examples with the pronouns and translate them. Pay attention to some explanations.
A One - ones Other - others 1."Excuse me, I am looking for a manager." 2."I am one" - a young man said.
3. Some of the stockholders were gone; the seven ones discussed receipts.
4. She has six children. She has to think of others.
5. We prefer this corporation to the other one mentioned by Mr. Poss.
В Some — any — no (a negative pronoun) Some is used in affirmative sentences.
* Some partners own this business.
Any is used in negative (заперечних) and interrogative sentences.
* They have not any receipts this month.
* Do you have any new statistical data?
Also any may be used in the meaning of "будь-який" in affirmative sentences.
* Any stockholder can understand this situation.
* No one has read this agreement.
All is a generalising pronoun. It denotes a group of things or people. It may be used both in the singular and the plural forms.
* All the peasants took part in the village meeting. (= were present there)
* All is well that ends well.
* All of them read new regulations.
D Each — every Each and every are used to refer to all the members of some group of things or persons, but only taken one by one.» After the work done Mr. Hardy paid ten dollars each.» Every student of Economics must know John Maynard Keynes. Only the complex forms of "every" may have the genitive case.» Everybody 's work was done very well.
* You don't read everyone's thoughts, do you?
E Both - either Both is used to point out two persons or things mentioned.
• On the New Year's Eve Gena and Sveta were in London. Both celebrated the last New Year in England.
Either is used in the two meanings:
* each of the two
* one or the other
* You have two new partners, but I didn't see either of them.» They have two sons, either can help so ill and old parents.
F Another - other Another has the two meanings:
a) "a different one"
b) "one more", "an additional one"
1. There was a good sheep-farming economy developed at another place, in the East.
2. Another works goes into operation.
Other means some person or thing different from the one mentioned. It has two numbers.
1. We know other markets for these goods.
2. Some signed (підписувати - to sign) that agreement, others didn't do that.
G
Many — -few
Much - little
A few - a little
Many and few are used with countable nouns. Much and little are used with
uncountable ones. A few and a little mean "небагато", "трохи".
* Many students are present at the lecture.
* Few students were absent.
* Much work is to be done for this.
* However, little work is done.
* There is a little tea in this kettle
* The money is in safe keeping (у вірних руках). І have a few true friends, you know.
№ 13. Translate from Ukrainian into English using the proper indefinite pronouns.
1. Мейсон молодший (junior) має багато добрих друзів.
2. Багато спільного об'єднує нас.
3. Викладач дав завдання кожному студенту.
4. Він може виконувати будь-яку роботу.
5. Ми читали деякі роботи цього економіста.
6. Ви порівнювали (compare) одні статистичні дані з іншими?
7. Офіціант, принесіть мені ще чашку кави!
8. Ця книга не цікава. Дай мені іншу.
9. Пройшло кілька днів.
10. У тебе є гроші? Ти можеш дати мені трохи? (borrow -позичати, запозичати).
11. Ніхто не мав часу для того, щоб порівняти дані цього року з даними попередніх років.
12. Така робота займає багато часу.
13. Багато акціонерів знають ці факти.
№ 14. Translate English proverbs into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the use of indefinite pronouns in them.
* All that glitters is not gold.
* Every cloud has a silver lining.
* One good turn deserves another.
№ 15. Tell your friends some short story from your life experience using one of the three proverbs.
The illustrative story: Twenty years ago one of our school-mates graduated from the Pedagogical Institute. She was a smart, beautiful girl. She was born in Kyiv like her father and mother. She had many friends. She was a great reader and theatregoer, went in for sports and loved her native city very much. In short, when after graduating from the Institute she went to some provincial town to work there it was taken as a tragedy both by her and her parents. Everyone expected her to come back to Kyiv soon. But, you never know. Every cloud has a silver lining. She found there her future husband. It was the man she dreamt about. They have two children. It is «happy family. Both work at the same school. Every year they come to Kyiv to visit her parents.
COMMUNICATION Requests
We use the imperative with the word "please" when we want someone to do
something. Comma is used before "please". Come in, please. When we want to put
someone at ease we add friendly.
Do come in, please.
"Please" in initial position is more emphatic. No comma is used.
Please come in.
When increasing politeness is expressed we use the phrases.
Will you..., (please)?
Would you..., (please)?
Could you..., (please)?
Usual replies are the following.
Yes, certainly (formal).
Yes, of course (semi-formal).
OK (informal) - It is used among friends and relations./ All right
(informal).
I'm afraid I can't (formal).
(I'm) sorry, I can't (semi-formal).
No, I can 't/won 't (a refusal).
№ 16. After learning the phrases of requests and replies by heart make up some short dialogues with them. Illustrative examples:
I Bus Conductor: Any more fares, please? Man: Paris Street. Is it far from here? Bus Conductor: I think in five minutes. Man: Will you tell me, please, when I get there. Bus Conductor: All right. I'll call it out. Be attentive, please. Man: Thank you.
II Mother: Bob, will you drop in a shop on your way to the club to buy a new toothbrush? Bob: Oh, sorry, I can't.
Mother: What is the hurry! Then please do it tomorrow. Bob: Tomorrow! OK.
Ill Senior Manager: What do you want, Mrs. Yatsby? Clerk: Are you busy just now?
Sen. Manager: No, I'm not. Come in, do come in, please. Clerk: I would like to ask you a favour. Sen. Manager: Yes, what is it? Sit down, please. Clerk: Thank you.
Sen. Manager: What can I do for you?
Clerk: Will you look through the agreement and if it is all right, sign it? This week we have discussed it.
Sen. Manager: Let me see it. Yes, I do remember it. Now it is OK.
Clerk: Would you sign it here, please?
Sen. Manager: Yes, certainly.
Clerk: Thank you.
Sen. Manager: Not at all.
Language and Humour
sf: * *
