Pavel: The New Year in my favourite holiday.
Anna: It would be mine unless those contradictory feelings one is embraced each time the closing of one calendar year and the opening of another comes. Pavel: You are right. It is sad and happy at the same time. It is sad because we review the past with nostalgia, you know. But, on the other hand, it is happy because we used to look forward to a new beginning with a renewed hope. We judge ourselves and promise to improve.
Peter: Come, come. You are developing too philosophical approach. As for me, New Year's Day is a time for merriment. Though, once I did feel a nostalgia. It was when with a group of Ukrainian economists we celebrated the New Year in the USA. The best way to celebrate New Year is in your family, with your friends. Anna: Tell us about the New Year celebrations in the USA. Peter: Well, Americans celebrate New Year's Day in the same way as we do. At home or in restaurants most Americans spend the final hours of the old year and the first hours of the new year with friends. At midnight bells ring, and friends exchange kisses. Everyone stays up late to celebrate the arrival of another year. Pavel: What is the centre of New Year celebrations?
Peter: One of the noisiest and most crowded of New York's Eve celebrations takes place in New York City at Times Square. Thousands of New Yorkers gather there, and millions of Americans across the country join them via TV.
Anna: Somewhere I read about the two famous New Year's Day festivals which are televised for national viewing: the Tournament of Roses and Mummer's Parade. The latter takes place in Philadelphia. It was introduced in the United States by Swedish immigrants. The Mummer's Parade is colourful and high-spirited.
Peter. By the way, no women are allowed to participate. As for men, they are dressed in lavish costumes. There are clowns, musicians, dancers - all led by King Momus.
Pavel: Anna mentioned the Tournament of Roses. In what state does it take place?
Peter: In California. The festival is devoted, above all, to displaying roses and thousands of other California flowers. Prizes are awarded to the cities with the most unusual and attractive floral displays. After the parade, the Rose Bowl football is played.
Language and Humour
^ ^ H*
"Did you go to the doctor the other day, John?"
"Yes, I did."
"And did he find out what you had?"
"Very nearly."
"What do you mean, very nearly?"
"Well, I had $3.40 - and he charged me $3.00!"
* * *
Professor: "Hawkings, what is a synonym?"
Student: "It's a word you use in place of another one when you can not spell the
other one".
"If the dean doesn't take back what he said to me yesterday, I am going to leave the
college."
"What did he say?"
"He told me to leave the college".
% sK ifc
"Hasn't Harvey married?"
"No, and I don't think he intends to, because he's studying for a bachelor's degree".
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9{S Sp
A son at college wrote his father:
"No mon, no fun, your son." The father answered: "How sad, too bad your dad."
* * *
The man on the bridge addressed the solitary fisherman. "Any luck?" he asked.
"Any luck!" was the answer. "Why, I got forty pike out of here yesterday." "Do you know who I am?" it "No," said the fisherman.
"I'm the chief magistrate here and all this estate is mime." "And do you know who I am?" asked the fisherman quickly. "No." "I'm the biggest liar in Virginia."
9
Text A: Business. Forms of Business
Text : Customs and Traditions
Grammar: Pronouns
Communication based on active vocabulary Requests
Text A Vocabulary 1. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
to own
a partnership - , a corporation - trade production - distribution - a profit a market - a works - an exchange an aim - (= purpose, goal) expenses - regulations - an agreement - a stock certificate (or share) - a stockholder - governmental - receipts - statistical data - to account for
BUSINESS
The word "business" is used in many modern languages. In ancient times it meant trade for things people wanted. Nowadays business is production, distribution and sale of goods or services to get some profit.
Production is, as a matter of fact, making things, producing goods and creating services.
Distribution is moving things from the place of production (works or factory) to the market-place.
As for the sale of goods and services, it is the exchange of a product or service for money.
In any business activity making a profit is the major aim. Profit is defined as the money that remains after paying all the expenses in business.
FORMS OF BUSINESS
In most countries there are three forms of business. They are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation.
The sole proprietorship means to go into business for oneself. Everybody has the right to do it. All you need is ideas about the business, some capital to begin with and knowledge of regulations of this business.
The partnership is an association of two or more people involved in business. In partnership it is important to have a written partnership agreement.
The corporation is the so-called "a legal person", an institution to make a profit. Those, who operate a corporation have stock certificates. The individuals who own such stock certificates (or shares) are called stock-holders. As a matter of fact, there are privately own business corporations and governmental ones.
Questions I
1. What was the definition of business in ancient times?
2. What is the modern definition of business?
3. What does production in business mean?
4. What do we mean under distribution in business?
5. What does sale of goods and services mean in business?
6. Can you give the definition of profit?
II
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1. How many forms of business can you name?
2. What does the sole proprietorship mean?
3. Can you tell the difference between the sole proprietorship and the partnership?
4. They are two types of corporations, are not they? Name them.
GRAMMAR
Number Remember the following:
| Singular Plural | ||
| amap 1! It | maps | -s [s] after voiceless consonants |
| abed | beds | -s [z] after voiced consonants |
| a boy 1 a potato J | boys potatoes | -s[z] -es after vowels |
| a horse ] a race I a size I a page J | horses races sizes pages | -s [iz] after -se, -ce, -ze, -ge |
| a leaf 1 a knife J | leaves knives | -s [z] after -£, -fe (-ve in plural) |
| a class 1 a dish I an inch f a box J | classes dishes inches boxes | -es [iz] after -ss, -sh, -ch, -x |
| Exception: a man - men; a woman - women; a child - children; a foot - teet; a tooth - teeth; a mouse - mice; an ox - oxen; a datum - data; a radius - radii; a basis - bases; a nucleus - nuclei; phenomenon - phenomena; formula -formulae; crisis - crises; index - indices. |
Exercises
3. Use the singular or the plural forms of the nouns given in brackets. Repeat the vocabulary of the Unit 3 (Text B) and the Unit 4.
1. What is the name of (this children)?
2. The Anglo-Saxon (periods) corresponds to the Early Middle (Age) in the History of Britain.
3. Small (branch) from trees were cut and used as firewood.
4. Natural economy is (systems) under which the village is self-sufficient.
5. This money (belong) to my friend.
6. This farm has a great number of (sheep, ox, goat as well as hen, geese, duck,
Pig)-
7. (Penny) are made of bronze.
8. Do you know that the Anglo-Saxons had no (root-crop) and the only (fodder) in winter was hay.
9. The (key) to the house were lost.
10. The (mice) was caught the same day.
11. There were many (acorns and nut) in the forest.
4. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the singular and plural forms of the underlined nouns.
1. Mr. Noon is a partner in MBG.
2. Our partners are satisfied with your progress in business.
3. Statistics is my favourite subject.
4. Mathematics is the basis of many sciences.
5. This works produces watches and clocks.
6. Your watch is slow.
7. These students study Economics.
8. Mary is a student. She studies History.
9. Where is my money? - It is on the table.
10. All the stockholders gather together at 5 o'clock sharp.
11. According to the agreement Ukrainian exports to Poland increase.
12. This firm has no progress in the export of tools produced.
13. There are 5 women and 3 men.
14. A burnt child dreads the fire.
15. There is no accounting for taste.
16. Tastes differ.
5. Translate the nouns into English. Pay attention to the singular and plural forms.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ); ( ); ; ; .
6. Translate from Ukrainian into English.
1. ̳ .
2. , , , .
3. ˳.
4. .
5. ҳ, , .
7. Translate in written form.
It is interesting to know that:
* Adam Smith wrote in his book "The Wealth of Nations" that government must
interfere into business as little as possible. It was written
In 1776.
* SBA (Small Business Administration) in the USA gives advice to
small business for free.
* The term "big business" took origin in 1901 in the USA.
Some interesting statistical data:
* In the most developed countries about 80 per cent of businesses are
note proprietorships.
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Sole proprietorships in America, however, account only for 17 per cent of all business receipts.
* The percentage of small business in American agriculture is 86%, in
trade is about 69%, but in mining is only 9%.
8. Retell the text "Business. Forms of Business".
9. Make up a dialogue based on interesting facts in ex. 7.
