, , . , . , , .
. -, , , , , , . .
-, ( ) , *.
*.: .,. . .,2001. . 86.
. , . () (S), * :
i ;
x ;
δx ;
;
.
* .: - / .., .. - , 1989. - . 101.
Sc Z- ( ), i , . = 0; - 1. Z- (z) :
( ); * () ( = 50, = 34); IQ- ( = 100, = 15)**; - ( = 50, = 10) ( = 5.5, = 2).
* . (. ., . . ., 2001. . 75.
** ,. 81.
3.