.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


3




 


5. 2 5

2, 3, 4, 5, 9 , , . , .

( 2 5). 2 ( 5), , 2 ( 5) .

. = nn-1...0 , ' : =(n10n+a110) + n. , 2, 5. , 2 5, , n 2 5. .

1. 2, , 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.

2. 5, , 0 5.

 

6. 4 25

( 4 25). 4 ( 25), , 4 ( 25) , .

. = nn-1...0 : a = (n10n +... +a2102) + (a110 + a0). 4, 25. , 4 ( 25) , 4 ( 25) a1a0 = a110+a0, . .

 

7. 3 9

( 3 9). 3 9, , 3 9 .

. : =an10n +...+a110+a0. 10=9+1, 102 = 99+1,..., 10n = 99...9 + 1, n (99...9 + 1) +... + a1 (9+1) + 0 =. (n99.2..9++a19)+(an++a1+a0).

n

3, 9. , 3 9, , , ( ) n +... + a1 + a0, 3 9. .


8.

XVII . . , , - . , .

( ). n+0 m, , r= anrn++a1r1+a0, rn 䳭 10k m, k = 1, 2,..., .

. a =an10n +... +a110 + 0 = mqk + k, 0 < rk < m, k = 1, 2,..., . ϳ : a = (anqn+ + a1q1)m + anrn + + a1r1 + a0).

.

m = 11. 10 = 11-1; 102 = 11 9 + 1; 103 = 11. 91 - 1; 104 =11. 99 +1, .

O, = n...1a0 11 , , , , , 11, r = (0 + 2 + ) (a1+a3+...) 11.

, 6 671 829 11, r = (9 + 8 + 7 + 6) - (2 + 1 + 5) = 30 8 = 22 11.

 

˲

1. . . . . . . .: .1995. . 156-161.

2. . . . . . . . . 1988 . . 197 - 206.

3. . . . ֳ . . . . . . . 1989 . . 275 281, 277-278.


2

. . , , 䒺

. .

:

;

;

;

;

, , 䒺 .

:

;

;

˳

1. : . / . . . .: ., 1995. . 156-158, 170-171.

2. : . / . . . . ., 1980. . 153-154, 157-161.

3. : . / . . . . ., 1987. . 192 -199.

4. : . . . . - . 1988. . 197-203, 206-215.

5. . . . ֳ . . . . . . ., . 1989. . 275-283, 286-294.

.

1. b ?

2. 䳿 ?

3. - ? ?

4. , ?

5. .

6. , , .

7. : 1) ; 2) m .

8. 䒺 .

9. ³, n b n. , : 1) n; 2) n?

 

.

1. 15 60; 3? ³ .

2. 2, 3, 5 230; 225; 450?

3. 804, 75, 144, 150 2; 3; 5; 9?

4. , 3. , 3?

5. : 24; 38; 13; 1.

6. 䒺 . ? . , ?

7. , 19 , 18 .

8. q 11q ?

9. 60.

10. :

) ;

) , 1.

11. x y X = {12, 9, 6, 3,18}. ? x y, .

12. 4 ) ; ) .

13. ³, . 2?

14. 3? , 3 ?

15. 䒺 3q, 䒺 3q+1, 䒺 3q+2. , ?

16. 䒺 , 7. - , 7. ?

17. , , 3:

1) 180+144; 2) 720+308; 3) 103+370.

18. , , 5: 1) 535-413; 2) 1215-470; 3) 20 147-1 307.

19. , , 5, 8, 9, 10, 18, 45.

20. , , , 11. .

21. , 3.

22. , 8 1.

23. , 4 1.

24. , 4. (³: 13752; 13756).

25. 4?

. , y , 4. : 40 4; 40+4=44 4; 44+4=48 4. , , x 4. x - 10 0 9. 3×10=30 .

³: 30 .

26. , , 4.

 

.

1

1. , 5, 570 < b < 581.

³ .

 

2. , , : ) 124+420+213 4; ) 1080+123+124 9.

 

3. 243 ∙ 42 123 ∙ 42 9?

4. , 4.

 

5. , 8.

 

2

1. , 2, 572 b < 585.

³ .

2. , , : ) 124+420+213 5; ) 1080+123+124 3.

 

3. 244 ∙ 25 122 ∙ 42 4.

 

4. , 4.

 

5. , , , , 9.

 

 

3

1. , 9, 570 < b 585.

³ .

2. , , : ) 256+184+231 3; ) 156+236+216 4.

 

3. 25636 12633 6.

 

4. 4?

 

5. , - 6.

4

1. , 3, 270 < b < 281.

³ .

2. , , : ) 438+246+178 2; ) 225+658+355 5.

 

3. 14429 56156 12.

 

4. 4?

 

5. , , , 37.

V. ϳ.



1.

. , .

³ . 12 18. ij 12 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18. 12 18: 1, 2, 3, 6. 6. 12 18.

. a b , .

. b (, b) (, b).

. , (12, 48, 24) = 12.

.

1. - b . , b , 1, , . , (, b).

2. (, b) , < b,

(, b) £ .

3. (, b) - . ,

(, b) = d, d1 - . = dq, b = dq1 , q i q1 1. , d1 b d.

M b, (, b) = b.

. (1, 2, , k) = 1, 1, 2, , k . , , , 1, 2,.., k .

, 4, 6, 7 , (4, 6,7) = 1. , , (4, 6) = 2. , , , , .

, b, M b, = bq. , - , .

³ 12 18. 12 12, 24, 36, 18 18, 36, 54, 12 18 : 36, 72, - 36. 12 18.

. b , .

. b .

b (, b) (, b). , (12, 18) = 36.

:

1. b .

, , . . .

2. b , a > b, (, b) ³ .

3. b .

, b, m = (a,b). = mq + r, 0 £ r < m. m i b, , r = mq . , r < m , r = 0. , = mq.

4. M b, (, b) =.

 

2.

 

. (,b) b.

360 525. .(- , 1, . , .)

360 = 23×32×5; 525 = 3×52×7. , , . , (360, 525) = 3×5 = 15.

(360, 525) , , . (360, 525) = 23 × 32 × 52 × 7 = 12600.

- .

. (, b) × (, b) = × b.

. (, b) = 1, (, b) = b.

, , .

, . . ( . . .) , .

1. M b, (, b) = b.

2. a = bq + r, a, b, r , (, b) = (b, r).

, b b r d = bq + r b. , d b, d r = a bq, a , b i r. , b b i r. . , (, b) = (b, r). .

3.

b. ³ b. M b, 1 (, b) = b. = bq + r, r ¹ 0, 2 b i r, r < b. b M r, (b, r) = r, , (, b) = r. b r 0 < r1 < r, b = rq1 + r1, (, b) = (b, r) = (r, r1). , : r, r1, rm. , . 2, , 0, (, b).

, : , .

.

. (90, 35).

90 35 ,

70 2 90 = 35 × 2 + 20

35 20

20 1 35 = 20 × 1 + 15

20 15

15 1 20 = 15 × 1 + 5

15 5

15 3 15 = 5 × 1 + 0

, 5, (90,35) = 5.

90 , 35 b. г 20 = 15 × 1+ 5 : 5 = 20 15 × 1. : 15 = b 20 × 1. ϳ 15 5 = 20 15 × 1. ij: 5 = 20 (b 20 × 1)×1. : 90=35 × 2 + 20 20 = b × 2. ϳ . 5 = b × 2-(b - (a b × 2) ×1). ϳ : 5= × 2 + b × (-5). , d=ax - by.

: - b x i y, (, b) = ax by.

, d = (a,b), d = ax by .

г (a,b) = ax by . : , .

, ab a i b p. , p. (, p) =1. , x i y, 1 = ax + py. b. ij: b = abx + pby. , , b M p.

ϳ , , . , (90, 35) = 90 × 35: 5 = 630.

, - .

 

4.

2, 3, 4, 9.

8, 25 11:

8 , 2 1 0 8.

25 , 1 0 25.

11, , , 11. . 256 375 11?

(5 + 3 + 5) (7 + 6 + 2) = - 2. 2 M 11. 256 375 M 11.

.

. ( 6) 6, , 2 3.

. . M 6. , M 2 M 3.

M 6. M 6 6 M 2, M 2. M 6 6 M 3,

M 3.

. : M 2 M 3. : M 6.

M 2 M 3, 2 3, - . , M (2,3). (2, 3) = 1, (2, 3) = 2 × 3 = 6. , M 6. .

. ( 12) 12, , 3 4.

.

. ( 15) 15, , 3 5.

. :

. ( ). n = bc, b c , (b, c) = 1, , b c.

6.

60. 60, , 4 15.

, , 15 , 3 5. 60 :

, 60, , 4, 3 5.

. , 1548 942 18.

18:

18, , 2 9.

2 9? -, 2 × 9 = 18, -, (2, 9) = 1, 2 9 .

18 3 × 6 , (3, 6) ¹ 1.





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