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1.
. () , - .
, () .
- : 0, 1, 2, , 9. . - , , () ; . , ; , . . , , . , . - . , , , 10. , 2017 = 2×103 + 0×102 + 1×10+7.
, , - :
a = an×10n + an-1×10 n-1 + + a2×102 + a1.10 + a0, a = an a n-1 a2 a1 a0.
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II | |||
III | ̳ | ||
IV | ̳ () | ||
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2.
, . a i b , ,
a = an×10n + an-1×10 n-1 + + a2×102 + a1.10 + a0,
b = bm×10n + bm-1×10 n-1 + + b2×102 + b1.10 + b0,
b, :
1. n < m ( a , b);
2. n = m, an < bm;
3. n = m, an = bm, , ak = bk, a k-1<b k-1.
3 456 < 12 349, , 3 456 , 12 349. 3 456 < 4 579, 3 456 , 4 579. 3 456 < 3 476, , , 3 456 3 476.
3.
b , , b . , , , ' .
. ( ) 10 , . , 1917 + 1991 = (1 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 1 × 10 + 7) + (1 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 9 × 10 + 1). 10 , . 10, ; 10, , . , 1917 + 1991 = (1 + 1) × 103 + (9 + 9) × 102 + (1 + 9) × 10 + (7 + 1) = 3908. , :
+ 1917
1991
, , :
, ;
; 10, ;
10, , ;
䳿 , . .
4.
³ b , , , = b + . ³ , . . 453 231. 10 , . 453 - 231 = (4 - 2) × 102 + (5 - 3) × 10 + (3 - 1) = 222. , , . , ', 10, . ϳ '. , 451 243. 451 - 243 = (4 - 2) × 102 + (5 - 4) × 10 + (1 - 3) = (4 - 2) ×102 + (4 - 4) × 10 + (11 - 3) = 208.
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' , , , :
453 451
231243
222 208
, , , . ., '. ', , , '.
5.
b , , , , n()= , n()= b. , , , , , . , .
, . , .
, 453 4 = (4 102 + 5 10 + 3) 4 = (4 102) 4 + (5 10) 4 + 3 4. , : (4 4) 102 + (5 4) 10 + (3 4) = 16 102 + 20 10 + 12 = (10+6) 102 + 2 10 10 + (10 + 2) = 1 103 + 6 102 + 2 102 + 1 10 + 2 = = 1 103 + (6 + 2) 102 + 1 10 + 2 = 1 103 + 8 102 + 1 10 + 2 = 1812.
:
;
. 10, ();
10, 10 q1 +c0, c0 ; c0 q1 ;
, q1 , 2 3.
10k k .
. = an 10n + an-1 10 n-1 + +a1 10 + a0,
10k = (an 10n + an -1 10n-1 + +a1 10 + a0) 10k . , :
an 10n+k + a n-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k
an an-1 a1 a0 0 0.
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an 10n+k + an-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k = an 10n+k + an-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k + 0 10k 1 + + 0.
, 534 103 = (5 102 + 3 10 +4) 103 = 5 105 + 3 104 + 4 103 = 534000.
10. 10 , . , 453 132 = 453 (1 102 + 3 10 + 2) = 453 1) 102 + (453 3) 10 + (453 2).
, :
453
132
+ 906
453
59796
= an an-1 a1 a0 y = bm bm-1 b1 b0 :
;
b0 b0 ;
b1, ;
x bm;
.
6. ij .
ij , . () . . :
1) , , , 63 9;
2) , 65 9:
65 = 9 7 + 2, 65: 9 = 7 (. 2). , ' b , ' q r, a = bq + r, 0 £ r < b. bq£ < b (q + 1), b q, . r = - bq. , 637 25 ' q r, 637 = 25q + r. 25q £ 637 < 25 (q + 1) q. , 25 10 < 637 < 25 100, q . 25 10, 20,... 25 20 < 637 < 25 0, 2, 20 < q < 0, q = 20 + q1, q1 - . 25 (20 + q1) £ 637 < 25 (20 +q1 + 1), 500 + 25q1 £ 637 < 500 + 25 (q1 + 1), 25q1 £ 137 < 25 (g1 + 1).
q1 . , 25 1, 2, 3,... ij: 25 5 = 125, 25 6 = 150. 5. , q= 25, r = 637 625 = 12 637 = 25 25 + 12.
;
637 25
50 25
125
' b :
= b, q = 1, r = 0;
> b b , , b 1,2,..., 9, q b r = bq;
> b , b, : , b , 1, , b, 1, 2,..., 9 q1, bq1£ 1, bq1 1 . ij r1= 1 - bq1. bq1, r1 b; b, , b, , b, .
˲
1. : . / . . . .: ., 1995. . 141-146.
2. (): . / . . . .: ., 1989. . 229-230. 236 239.
3. : . / . . . .: ., 1987. . 199-206.
4. . . . .. . 1988. . 166 - 183.
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1.
. ϳ , , . , . . ˳ , , . , . , . 60 . ▼ 60. ◄ - . . , 131 ▼▼◄▼, 60+60+10+1 60×2+11. , . 1 y, 10 - ∩, 100 . . 113 : ∩ y y y.
. . 1 9, . , . , 133 ρλγ. . .
³. . , , , , , , 106, 1012.
. : I 1, V 5, X 10, L 50, C 100, D 500, M 1000, . . , , ; , , . : 1 20: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX; 40 XL, 90 XC, 400 CD, 900 CM, 1991 MCMXCI.
, , , , .
䳿 V- VI . IX c. , . - . . ϳ . . , , , , , , , ; , , .
. ҳ XVIII . . . (1703). .
2.
. 쳿 - . 60. 60 = 1, 60 = 1 , 60''=1', 60'=1.
, - ≥2. : 0, 1, 2, , -1.
- q.
䒺 q - :
= qn×10n + qn-1×10 n-1 + + q2×102 + q1.10 + q0, = qn q n-1 q2 q1 q0.
1, q, q 2, q 3, , q n .
, =2∙33+0∙32+1∙3+1=2011(3) 58 q =3. : , , , .
: 0 1. 13 : 1101(2).
, q, , : , . , , , q = 13:
2(12)(11)1(13)= 2 ∙ 133 + 12 ∙ 132 + 11 ∙ 13 + 1 = 6666(10).
2(11)(12)1(13)= 2 ∙ 133 + 11 ∙ 132 + 12 ∙ 13 + 1 = 6410(10).