.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


1




..

Ͳ

3-4

 

 

- 2012


- . . .

( 2012 ).

 

.., , -;

- . ..;

 

. .

( )

 

 

, 5. 01010201 . , , .

: , , , , .

I-II .

 

 

( ). - /

. . . . , 2012. 129? .

 

 

- 2012

, , , , , , , . - , ' , - .

, .

, . - .

, .

, .

- , -V .

.

.

, , , , , .

, , . : , , .

, , .

, .

3-4 , I .

 

 

 

 


3



1.

. () , - .

, () .

- : 0, 1, 2, , 9. . - , , () ; . , ; , . . , , . , . - . , , , 10. , 2017 = 2×103 + 0×102 + 1×10+7.

, , - :

a = an×10n + an-1×10 n-1 + + a2×102 + a1.10 + a0, a = an a n-1 a2 a1 a0.

 

.

I  
II  
III ̳  
IV ̳ ()  
V  
VI  
VII  
VIII  
IX  
X  

 

2.

, . a i b , ,

a = an×10n + an-1×10 n-1 + + a2×102 + a1.10 + a0,

b = bm×10n + bm-1×10 n-1 + + b2×102 + b1.10 + b0,

b, :

1. n < m ( a , b);

2. n = m, an < bm;

3. n = m, an = bm, , ak = bk, a k-1<b k-1.

3 456 < 12 349, , 3 456 , 12 349. 3 456 < 4 579, 3 456 , 4 579. 3 456 < 3 476, , , 3 456 3 476.

 

3.

b , , b . , , , ' .

. ( ) 10 , . , 1917 + 1991 = (1 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 1 × 10 + 7) + (1 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 9 × 10 + 1). 10 , . 10, ; 10, , . , 1917 + 1991 = (1 + 1) × 103 + (9 + 9) × 102 + (1 + 9) × 10 + (7 + 1) = 3908. , :

+ 1917

1991

, , :

, ;

; 10, ;

10, , ;

䳿 , . .

4.

³ b , , , = b + . ³ , . . 453 231. 10 , . 453 - 231 = (4 - 2) × 102 + (5 - 3) × 10 + (3 - 1) = 222. , , . , ', 10, . ϳ '. , 451 243. 451 - 243 = (4 - 2) × 102 + (5 - 4) × 10 + (1 - 3) = (4 - 2) ×102 + (4 - 4) × 10 + (11 - 3) = 208.

' , , , :

453 451

231243

222 208

, , , . ., '. ', , , '.

 

5.

b , , , , n()= , n()= b. , , , , , . , .

, . , .

, 453 4 = (4 102 + 5 10 + 3) 4 = (4 102) 4 + (5 10) 4 + 3 4. , : (4 4) 102 + (5 4) 10 + (3 4) = 16 102 + 20 10 + 12 = (10+6) 102 + 2 10 10 + (10 + 2) = 1 103 + 6 102 + 2 102 + 1 10 + 2 = = 1 103 + (6 + 2) 102 + 1 10 + 2 = 1 103 + 8 102 + 1 10 + 2 = 1812.

:

;

. 10, ();

10, 10 q1 +c0, c0 ; c0 q1 ;

, q1 , 2 3.

10k k .

. = an 10n + an-1 10 n-1 + +a1 10 + a0,

10k = (an 10n + an -1 10n-1 + +a1 10 + a0) 10k . , :

an 10n+k + a n-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k

an an-1 a1 a0 0 0.

an 10n+k + an-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k = an 10n+k + an-1 10n + k -1 + +a1 10k+1 + a0 10k + 0 10k 1 + + 0.

, 534 103 = (5 102 + 3 10 +4) 103 = 5 105 + 3 104 + 4 103 = 534000.

10. 10 , . , 453 132 = 453 (1 102 + 3 10 + 2) = 453 1) 102 + (453 3) 10 + (453 2).

, :

453

132

+ 906

453

59796

= an an-1 a1 a0 y = bm bm-1 b1 b0 :

;

b0 b0 ;

b1, ;

x bm;

.

 

6. ij .

ij , . () . . :

1) , , , 63 9;

2) , 65 9:

65 = 9 7 + 2, 65: 9 = 7 (. 2). , ' b , ' q r, a = bq + r, 0 £ r < b. bq£ < b (q + 1), b q, . r = - bq. , 637 25 ' q r, 637 = 25q + r. 25q £ 637 < 25 (q + 1) q. , 25 10 < 637 < 25 100, q . 25 10, 20,... 25 20 < 637 < 25 0, 2, 20 < q < 0, q = 20 + q1, q1 - . 25 (20 + q1) £ 637 < 25 (20 +q1 + 1), 500 + 25q1 £ 637 < 500 + 25 (q1 + 1), 25q1 £ 137 < 25 (g1 + 1).

q1 . , 25 1, 2, 3,... ij: 25 5 = 125, 25 6 = 150. 5. , q= 25, r = 637 625 = 12 637 = 25 25 + 12.

;

637 25

50 25

125

' b :

= b, q = 1, r = 0;

> b b , , b 1,2,..., 9, q b r = bq;

> b , b, : , b , 1, , b, 1, 2,..., 9 q1, bq1£ 1, bq1 1 . ij r1= 1 - bq1. bq1, r1 b; b, , b, , b, .

˲

1. : . / . . . .: ., 1995. . 141-146.

2. (): . / . . . .: ., 1989. . 229-230. 236 239.

3. : . / . . . .: ., 1987. . 199-206.

4. . . . .. . 1988. . 166 - 183.



1.

. ϳ , , . , . . ˳ , , . , . , . 60 . ▼ 60. ◄ - . . , 131 ▼▼◄▼, 60+60+10+1 60×2+11. , . 1 y, 10 - ∩, 100 . . 113 : ∩ y y y.

. . 1 9, . , . , 133 ρλγ. . .

³. . , , , , , , 106, 1012.

. : I 1, V 5, X 10, L 50, C 100, D 500, M 1000, . . , , ; , , . : 1 20: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX; 40 XL, 90 XC, 400 CD, 900 CM, 1991 MCMXCI.

, , , , .

䳿 V- VI . IX c. , . - . . ϳ . . , , , , , , , ; , , .

. ҳ XVIII . . . (1703). .

 

2.

. 쳿 - . 60. 60 = 1, 60 = 1 , 60''=1', 60'=1.

, - ≥2. : 0, 1, 2, , -1.

- q.

䒺 q - :

= qn×10n + qn-1×10 n-1 + + q2×102 + q1.10 + q0, = qn q n-1 q2 q1 q0.

1, q, q 2, q 3, , q n .

, =2∙33+0∙32+1∙3+1=2011(3) 58 q =3. : , , , .

: 0 1. 13 : 1101(2).

, q, , : , . , , , q = 13:

2(12)(11)1(13)= 2 ∙ 133 + 12 ∙ 132 + 11 ∙ 13 + 1 = 6666(10).

2(11)(12)1(13)= 2 ∙ 133 + 11 ∙ 132 + 12 ∙ 13 + 1 = 6410(10).





:


: 2016-12-06; !; : 872 |


:

:

- , - .
==> ...

1330 - | 1264 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.081 .