( ?, ?, ? . .) . :
1. - , - , , :
says you are right. , . will tell why he was not at school yesterday. , .
2. - ( Past Indefinite), , (Future in the Past).
He said he would not g o to school tomorrow. , .
, ,
, Past Continuous ( ) Past Indefinite.
told me he was preparing for his exam.. , .
, , , Past Perfect. - :
/ didn't know he had left for Moscow. , .
(in 1980, yesterday) Past Indefinite. : / thought you were born in 1980.
Future in the Past will would, :
told me that he would meet me at the college. , .
11.1. , .
thinks he would go to Moscow tomorrow. He said that he will be an engineer. He says he knows mathematics well.
He thought he would be a good specialist.
he has translated the text.
he had passed his exams.
he knew English well.
11.2. , . .
1.1 did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than we (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4. He told us that he (to do) this work himself 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the books we need. 6. He said that he (can) not do it without my help. 7. I decided that next year I (to go) to the Black Sea coast. 8. It was decided that we (to begin) our work at eight o'clock. 9.1 told them that I (to leave) for Minsk next day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (to receive) a good mark. 11. The students wanted to know when they (to pass) their examinations. 12. We saw that our teacher just (to go out) and he (to come back) soon. 13. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 14. We knew that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and (to decide) to help him. 15. We understood at once that this control work (to be) a difficult one.
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11.3. :
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.
London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, Westminster, the West End and the East, End. They are very different from each other.
The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are
concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London. St. Paul's Cathedral was built in the 17th century by the architect Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it's a museum.
Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. There are Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames.
The clock tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell known as Big Ben. Westminster Abbey is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many tourists there from different countries of the world.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London, it was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.
The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories there. The region is densely populated by working class families.
Words
capital
centre
numerous
palace
fortress
cathedral
hotel
prison - _
clock tower
monument
memory
museum
residence
official
densely
populated
Questions
1. What is the capital of Great Britain?
2. Is London a big city?
3. What is London's population?
4. On what river does London stand?
5. Into what parts is London divided?
6. Why is the City called the business centre of London?
7. What places of interest does Westminster include?
8. Who was buried in Westminster Abbey?
9. What is the West End famous for?
10.Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square?
11.Who lives in the East End?
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-/ teacher, writer, actor, doctor
-ist scientist, artist
-ment movement, development, government
-ess fortress, hostess, actress
-ian musician, technician, politician
-ance distance, importance, appearance
-(t)ion revolution, translation, operation
-ity/-ty popularity; honesty, morality, ability
-hood childhood, neighbourhood
-y energy, assembly
-ship friendship, leadership
-age - passage, marriage
-ism heroism, socialism, capitalism
-ant assistant, cousultant
-ence conference, silence, difference
-ure culture, picture, agriculture
-ing building, reading, meeting
-dom freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-sion/ssion revision, session, discussion,
-ness happiness, illness, darkness
(-s)ure pleasure, treasure, measure
.
re reconstruction,
cooperation, coexistence
dis disadvantage, discomfort, distaste
in inaccuracy, independance
mis misunderstanding, misprinting, misinformation
im impossibility, impatience
un unemployment, unconcern, unreality
il illegality, illiteracy.
en deepen, lighten, strengthen;
fy classify, electrify, specify
ize organize, characterize, mechanize
ate indicate, activate, translate
cooperate, coexist, collaborate
de decode, decompose, demobilize
dis disbelieve, disapprove, disapear
in input, inlay, incut, indraw
im immigrate, impart, implant;
inter interact, interchange, interdepend
ir irradiate, irrigate, irritate
over overcome, overheat, overhear, overlook
re readjust, rebuild, reconstruct,rewrite
mis misprint, misunderstand, miscount.
-ful careful, beautiful, useful, powerful
-ant distant, important, resistant
-ous famous, dangerous, various
-ed talented, developed, interested
-ing interesting, disappointing
-al natural, cultural, territorial
-ent dependent, transparent, different
-ish Spanish, British, boyish, Irish
-ible possible, terrible, visible, convertible
-able comfortable, miserable
-ic atomic, historic, poetic, heroic
-y. rainy, busy, sunny, windy, dirty
-less hopeless, lifeless, useless, homeless
-ary ordinary, revolutionary, necessary
-ive inventive, effective, impressive, detective -ian Russian, Canadian, Romanian
un unhappy, unable, uncomfortable in independent, indirect, invisible dis disappointing, discouraging, disconnectng im impossible, imperfect, immoral, immaterial non non-ferrous, non-governmental ir irregular, irresponsible, irrational post post-war, post-operational inter interdependent, interchangeable, international
il illegal, illiberal, illimitable.
11.4. , , , .
Russian, construction, direction, concentration, collection, heroism, popularity, musician, boyhood, agreement, kingdom, drawing.
11.5. , .
1) to sail, to connect, to educate, to build, to dance
2) friend, leader, fellow
3) dark, weak, mad, cold, bright
11.6. , , -. .
hope, truth, beauty, rain, peace, help, colour, power, joy, pain, care, use
(Passive Voice)
to be , II (Participle ) :
Present Indefinite: The letter is written. Past Indefinite: The letter was written.
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Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.
Present Continuous: The letter is being written. Past Continuous: The letter was being written.
Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.
Present Perfect: The letter has been written.
Past Perfect: The letter had been written.
Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.
- , . : / bought a book. .
The book was bought (by me). ().
:
1. + :
The letter was sent yesterday. .
2. - (-):
This problem was discussed last week. .
3. - , . .
3 , , :
English is spoken in many countries. .
4. ( ):
Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. .
12.1. .
1. left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. The film was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next year. 7.1 am working now. 8. The text has been already written by them. 9. He studies at our college. 10. You are working, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this office? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work v/ill have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made by children. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26. What are you doing here? 27. This work must be done at once. 28. You may take my book. 29.1 am often asked at the lessons by the teacher.
12.2. .
1. They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation was met at the airport. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year.
5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9. I was told to wait in the reception room. 10. Your letter will have been answered by Monday.
12.3. , .
1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library.'2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)?,4. The patient (take) to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read) because the pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination.-9. Usually the floor (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children (take) to the circus tomor row.
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12.4. .
1. . 2. . 3. ? 4. . 5. . 6. .
7. .
8. ? 9. . 10. . 11. .
12. . 13. ?
12.5. .
1. 10 . 2. , , . 3. . 4. . 5. ? (to send for). . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. 9 .
12.6. .
ENGLISH WEATHER
The weather in England is very changeable A fine morning can change into a wet afternoon and evening. And a nasty morning can change to a fine afternoon. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison as changeable as the weather of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather. This statement is often made by the English to describe meteorological conditions of their country.
The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.
The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. When two Englishmen meet, their first words will be How do you do? or How are you? And after the reply Very well, thank you; how are you? the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather. When they go abroad the English often surprise people of other nationalities by this tendency to talk about the weather, a topic of conversation that other people do not find so interesting.
The best time of the year in England is spring (of course, it rains in spring, too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by the big fire in the fireplace.
Summer months are rather cold and there can be a lot of rainy days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays, plan to go abroad in summer to France or somewhere on the Continent.
The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog J and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and espe-' cially in London. The fog spreads everywhere, it is in the streets and it creeps into the houses. Cars move along slowly, but still street accidents are frequent in the fog. People cannot see each other. They creep along the houses touching them with their hands not to lose their way or not to be run over by a car.
Words
changeable ,
wet ,
nasty ,
comparison
mood
opinion
statement
meteorologica
remark
to go abroad
damp ,
nationality
fireplace
to look forward to
the Continent ()
aspect ,
fog
smog (smoke + fog)
extremely
to spread (spread, spread) ()
to creep (crept, crept) ,
accident
frequent
to lose way
to be run over by a car
Questions
.1. Is the weather in England very changeable?
2. How often does it rain in England?
3. What do Englishmen often say to describe the weather of their country?
4. Englishmen often talk about weather. Do you find this topic of conversation interesting?
5. What is the worst time of the year in England?
6. When do Englishmen prefer to stay at home by the big fire?
7. How do the English spend their short English summer?
8. What are London smogs?
9. What kind of weather do you like best of all?
10.Which do you like better: when it's cold or hot?
11.What is the weather like today?
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12.What is the weather forecast for tomorrow?
13.What is the weather like in your town in winter (summer, autumn, spring)?
