Придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему

 

В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами

if (если),

when (когда),

after (после),

before (перед тем, как),

as soon as (как только),

unless (если не),

until (до тех пор, пока не),

будущее время заменяется формой настоящего време­ни, но на русский язык переводится будущим, напри­мер:

If you help me (придаточное предл. условия), I shall do this work on time (главное предл.). — Если ты помо­жешь мне, я сделаю эту работу вовремя.

As soon as I am free, I'll come to you. — Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.

We shall not begin until you come. — Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

Задание 14.3. Раскройте скобки.

1. Не (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. I'm afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) much harder. 6. If you {not drive) more care­fully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8.1 (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us a telegram as soon as you (ar­rive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I'm sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.

Задание 14.4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

MASS MEDIA

Mass media (that is the press, the radio and television) play an important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the events and sometimes make them change their views.

Millions of people watch TV and read newspapers in their spare time. People listen to the radio while driving

a car. On the radio one can hear music, plays, news and various discussions of current events. Lots of radio or TV games and films attract large audience.

Newspapers give more detailed reviews of political life, culture and sports. Basically they are read by the people who are subscribers and those who are interested in politics.

There is a lot of advertising in mass media. Many TV channels, radio stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations. The owners can advertise what­ever they choose.

But we cannot say that mass media do not try to raise the cultural level of people or to develop their tastes. Mass media bring to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs.

There is a great number of TV channels, cable TV, sat­ellite TV and lots of radio stations and newspapers now. Words

mass media — средства массовой информации

society — общество

to entertain — развлекать

to influence — влиять

events — события

view — точка зрения

spare time — свободное время

current events — зд. новости

audience — аудитория

detailed review — подробный обзор

subscribers — подписчики

advertising — реклама

to own — владеть

satellite — спутник

Questions:

1) What is mass media?

2) How does mass media influence people?

3) What is the difference between radio and TV programmes?

4) Does the audience of TV and radio differ?

5) Do you think that advertising is useful?

Грамматика Причастие и герундий. Их отличие

Причастие — неличная форма глагола, промеж;, -точная между глаголом и прилагательным:

The boy playing in the yard is my brother. — Маль­чик, (какой?) играющий во дворе — мой брат.

Причастие I (Participle I)

Причастие I (причастие настоящего времени), об­разованное при помощи окончания -ing, имеет актив­ную и страдательную формы: активная (несовершенный вид) — asking, активная (совершенный вид) — having asked, страдательная (несовершенный) — being asked, страдательная (совершенный) — having been asked.

Причастие I употребляется в функции: 1. Определения:

The man sitting at the table is our teacher. — Чело­век, сидящий за столом — наш учитель.

The houses being built in our town are not very high. — Дома, строящиеся в нашем городе, невысоки. 2. Обстоятельства:

Going home I met an old friend. — Идя домой, я встретил старого друга.

Having finished work I went home. — Закончив ра­боту, я пошел домой.

Причастие II (Participlell)

Причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени) все­гда пассивно. Образуется оно прибавлением суффик­са -ed к основе правильного глагола или путем чередо­вания звуков в корне неправильного глагола.

Причастие II употребляется в функции:

1. Определения.

The book translated from English is very interest­ing. — Книга, переведенная с английского языка, ин­тересная.

2. Обстоятельства (причины и времени): Given the task he began to work. — Когда ему дали

задание он начал работать.

Употребление герундия и его отличие от причастия I

Причастие — неличная форма глагола, промежу­точная между глаголом и прилагательным.

Герундий является неличной формой глагола, про­межуточной между существительным и глаголом:

Smoking is harmful. — Курение (что?) вредно.

Иными словами, причастие—в большей степени «прилагательное» по своим функциям, герундий — «существительное».

Герундий употребляется:

1. в качестве подлежащего: Reading is useful. Чтение полезно.

2. как часть сказуемого после глаголов to finish, to start, to continue, to go on, to keep и др.

He started reading the book. Он начал читать книгу

3. как предложное дополнение: / am fond of reading. Я люблю читать

4. как прямое дополнение: Do you mind my reading here? Вы не против моего чтения здесь?

5. как обстоятельство времени: After reading he closed the book. После чтения он закрыл книгу.

6. как обстоятельство образа действия: Instead of reading he went to the movies. Вместо чтения он пошел в кино.

Активная форма герундия: giving, beating и т. д. Пассивная форма герундия: being given, being beaten и т. д.

Задание 14.5. Раскройте скобки, используя ге­рундий, переведите предложения:

1. The soil in the flower-pot is very dry, it needs (wa­ter). 2. You don't need (put on) your coat because it's very warm outside. 3. My flat wants (repair). 4. Famous ac­tors needn't (introduce) themselves. 5. The blackboard is dirty, it needs (wipe). 6.. The shoes need (polish). 7. Your shirt has a hole, it wants (mend). 8. You room needs (tidy). 9. The room needed (clean). 10. (learn) for­eign languages is very useful. 11. My hair wants (cut) but I never have time to do it 12. Students need (cheer up) before their exams.

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

• Условные предложения могут быть следующими:

1. предложения реального условия;

2. предложения нереального условия. Употребление глагольных форм в этих предложениях зависит от степени реальности и времени действия, выраженного глаголом.

Предложения реального условия: (Изъявительное

наклонение).

а) условие относится к будущему:

If the weather tefine he will go to the country. Если погода будет хорошей, он поедет за город.

If I learn his address I shall write to him. — Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.

б) условие относится к прошлому:

If the weather was fine he went to the country. Если погода была хорошей, он ездил за город.

Предложения нереального условия: (Сослагатель­ное наклонение)

Сослагательное наклонение выражает возмож­ность, нереальность, предположительность действия.

Предложения нереального условия:

а) действие относится к настоящему или будущему:

If I knew his address I would write to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем).

If the weather were fine he would go to the country.

Если бы погода (сейчас) была хорошей, он бы по­ехал за город.

Глагол в придаточном предложении — в форме Past Indefinite, в главном — в форме Future in the Past.

б) действие относится к прошлому:

If the weather had been fine yesterday he would have gone to the country.

Если бы погода была вчера хорошей, он бы поехал за город.

В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагатель­ным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будуще­го совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном — прошедшее со­вершенное Past Perfect.

If I had known his address I would have written to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я напи­сал бы ему (в прошлом же).

J wish I lived not far from here, (настоящее вре­мя).— Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.

/ wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее вре­мя). — Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.

Задание 15.1. Переведите на русский язык следу­ющие предложения:

1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I

would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6, If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

Задание 15.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Computer is a device for processing information. Com­puter has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements:

· Hardware

· Software

· Procedures

· Data/information.

Software are the programmes that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions^ " the hardware doesn't know what to do.

The basic job of the computer is the processing¹ of in­formation. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various" mathematical and log­ical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digit­al form.

Working vocabulary:

device — устройство intelligence — разум hardware — оборудование software — программы

processing — обработка

procedures — процедуры, операции

perform — выполнять

manner — манера, способ

various — различные

purpose — цель

to convert — превращать

data — данные

to store — хранить

digital — цифровой

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What does the term «computer» describe?

2) Is computer intelligent?

3) What are four components of computer system?

4) What is software?

5) What's the difference between the hardware and software?

6) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?

7) How does computer convert data into information?

Задание 15.3. Какие из приведенных ниже терми­нов имеют аналоги в русском языке?

computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, infor­mation, data, microphone, printer, modem, Internet.

Задание 15.4. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device.

2) Computer has.no intelligence until software is loaded.

3) There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data.

4) Without software instructions hardware doesn't know what to do.

5) The software is the most important component because it is made by people.

6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.

Задание 15.5. Заполните пропуски:

1) Information in the form of instruction is called a...

2) The basic job of the computer is the...

a) program

b) processing of information

Задание 15.6. Переведите текст. Перескажите текст, используя рабочий словарь.

WHAT IS HARDWARE?

Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

1) input hardware

2) processing hardware

3) storage hardware

4) output hardware.

Input hardware

Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form_suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer.

Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer.

Processing hardware

Processing hardware directs the execution of soft­ware instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory.

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing.

Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs

ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

Storage hardware

The purpose of storage hardware is to store compu­ter instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromag­netic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.

Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic mate­rial, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.

Floppy disk (diskette) — a thin, usually flexible plas­tic disk coated-with magnetic material, for storing tem­porary computer data and programs. There are two for­mats for floppy disks: 5.25' and 3.5'.

3.5' disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are wide­ly used.

CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a com­pact disc on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowa­days. ^

Output hardware

The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.

Monitor is a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.

Modem is an example of communication hardware —

an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other 1 communication lines.

Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer.

Working vocabulary (В ваш, словарь):

input hardware — устройства ввода данных

to convert — преобразовывать

suitable — подходящий, пригодный

mouse — «мышь»

to roll — катать, перекатывать

to reach — достигать

keyboard — клавиатура

cursor — курсор

processing hardware — устройства обработки данных

execution — выполнение

to direct — управлять

central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor — микропроцессор

brain — мозг

to interpret — переводить, интерпретировать

RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устрой­ство)

ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устрой­ство)

storage hardware — устройства хранения данных -

to retrieve — извлекать

hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»

CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)