digitized
graphics
temporary
output hardware
printer ,
scanner ,
modem
purpose
to connect
to provide
to affect
amount
General understanding ( ):
What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the
hardware?
1. What groups of hardware exist?
2. What is input hardware? What are the examples
of input hardware?
4. What is the mouse designed for?
5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?
7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?
15.7. /? , .
1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.
2. Scanner is used to input graphics only.
3. CPU reads and interprets software and prints results on paper.
4. User is unable to change the contents of ROM.
5. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.
6. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.
7. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.
15.8. , .
1) CPU
2) ROM
3) Floppy-disk
4) CD-ROM
5) Printer
6) Modem
7) Hard disk
8) Keyboard
15.9. ? 1. program
1. mouse
2. CPU
3. printer
4. modem
5. instruction
6. cursor or the pointer
7. keyboard
8. symbol
15.10. . WINDOWS 98
Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding" windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It's very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer.
Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them.
Window 98 plug"-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files.
Working vocabulary ( ):
expanding" windows principle
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icons
represent
to interact
weapon
Recycle Bin
to recover
deleted files
to crash ,
plug-n-play
upgrade - ( )
support I
necessity to move forward shortcut capability - frequently
COMPUTER OPERATIONS. TYPES OF DATA
Much of the processing computers can be divided into two general types of operation. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures. Early computers performed mostly arithmetic operations, which gave the false impression that only engineers and scientists could benefit from computers. Of equal importance is the computers ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other. This is called a logical operation. The comparison may take place between numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. The processing of the computer is based on the computer's ability to perform logical and arithmetic operations.
Instructions must be given to the computer to tell it how to process the data it receives and the format needed for output and storage. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or built-in computers. An embedded computer can accept data to use several options in it's program, but the program itself cannot be changed. This makes these devices flexible and convenient but not the embedded computers itself.
Types of data
With the advent of new computer applications and hardware, the definition of data has expanded to include many types.
Numeric data consists of numbers and decimal points, as well as the plus (+) and minus (-) signs. Both arithmetic operations and logical operations are performed on numeric data. This means that numbers can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.
Text, or textual data, can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters. Sometimes textual data is known as alphanumeric data.
Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up audio-visual data. The computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice. It can also accept audio-information as an input. Data can also take form of drawings and video sequences.
Physical data is captured from the environment. For example, light, temperature and pressure are all types of physical data. In many large buildings, computer systems process several kinds of physical data to regulate operations. Computers can set off security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data. These applications increase people's safety and save the time and money.
Working vocabulary ( ):
data
to divide
to compute
computation
arithmetic operation
logical operation
addition
subtraction
false
to benefit
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equal
to determine
to compare
comparison
value
tool
microwave oven
embedded-
accept
flexible ,
advent
to expand
sequence
increase
decimal point
save , .
General understanding
1) In what two major parts could be computer opera
tions divided?
2) What are arithmetic operations?
3) What are logical operations?
4) Can computer compare two graphical objects?
5) What makes computer so different from other tools?
6) What is embedded computer? What modern devic-" es have embedded computers?
7) How many are types of data?
8) What is physical data?
16.1. /. , .
1) Arithmetic operations are operations with numbers subtraction and division.
2) Early computers gave false impression about their capabilities.
3) Logical operations are computer's ability to compare two values.
4) The major difference between the computer and tools lies in the flexibility of the program.
5) Embedded computers are found only in typewriters and ovens.
6) Microwave oven's program is flexible and could be changed because of the embedded computer.
7) Numeric data consist of numbers, decimal points and the (+) and (-) signs.
8) Computer can accept human speech as an audio-visual input data.
16.2. , :
1) Software
2) Arithmetic operation
3) Logical operation
4) Numeric data
5) Textual data
6) Physical data
7) Audio-visual data
16.3. :
1)... are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.
2) The computers ability to compare two values to determine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other is called a...
1) New tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or... computers
2) An... can accept data to use several options in it's program, but the program itself cannot be changed.
3)... can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.
4)... can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters.
5) Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up... which is captured from the environment.
a) logical operation
b)Text, or textual data
c) audio-visual data
d)Physical data
e) Arithmetic operations
f) Built-in
g) numbers
Types of Software
A computer to complete a job requires mare than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.
System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work.
System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly go along with your device. By installing the driver you teach your mainboard to understand the newly attached part.
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Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software.
Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
Working vocabulary
to direct
to conduct
to complete
equipment
internal
to require
control
specific ,
general-purpose
aid
regard
regardless ,
memory capacity
to install , ,
to transfer ,
to provide with -
to secure
security
to develop ,
developer
to check
attach
Web-browser (, . Internet)
peripheral
to boot
to handle
gimmick .
General understanding ( ):
1) What is a software?
2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?
3) What is system software for?
4) What is an operating system system or application software?
5) What is a driver?
6) What is application software?
7) What are application software for?
8) What is the tendency in application software mar ket in recent years?
9) What is the application of the communication sof t ware?
16.4. ?
1) Program
2) Mouse
3) CPU
4) Word processor
5) Modem
6) Web-browser
7) Operating system
8) Scanner
9) Developer
10) Equipment
16.5. /? , .
1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.
2) System software controls internal computer activities.
3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.
4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for system software.
5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving.
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6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.
7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer re sources.
8) Communication software is of great need now be cause of the new advances in communication technologies.
9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.
10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network.
16.6. :
1) .
2) ( ).
3) .
4) .
5) , .
6) , ,
7) -.
16.7. , :
1) Software
2) Driver
3) Application software
4) Operating system
5) Communication software
6) Computer
7) Peripheral device
8) Operating system
Operating systems
When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. ' DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS: was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS \ is an abbreviation for Microsoft DOS. When IBM first - \ released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from "* Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.
Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.
OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system.
Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 prein-stalled.
UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.
Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.
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Working vocabulary ( ):
complex
to consume
consumer
to realize
smart ,
decade ,
version
to enhance ,
top ,
on top of DOS ,
compatible
with a click of a mouse
access
to allow
multiple users
simultaneously
to desire
to ship ,
General understanding ( ):
1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's andl950's?
2) Why first programs were complex and timeconsuming?
3) What are the basic functions of operating system?
4) What does DOS abbreviation means?
5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose? Was the new operational system successful?
6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?
7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?
8) Who is the developer of OS/2?
9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?
10)What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?
16.8. :
1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.
2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system
4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.
5)The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.
a) UNIX
b) DOS
c) c)NT
d)OS/2
e) Windows 95
16.9. /? , .
1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.
2) The operational system control and manage the use of the hardware and the memory usage.
3) There are no commands available in operating systems, only word processors.
4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.
5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M random access memory.
6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developedby Microsoft.
7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously
8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very friendly and convenient interface.
16.10. :
1) , , .
2) , PC-DOS MS-DOS , .
3) OS/2 DOS ,
.
4) .
5) , .
6) DOS .
INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET
Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.\The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. vEach link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internets. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a much of use and fun it is.
Working vocabulary ( ):
retrieve
variety
recreation
network
share
humanities
business transaction
web
browser ( )
to provide -
provider (, WWW ) broadcast live site , to link hyperlink to compete access
General understanding ( ):
1) What is Internet used for?
2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?
3) What is World Wide Web?
4) What is a Web browser?
5) What does user need to have an access to the WWW?
6) What are hyperlinks? +*7) What resources are available on the WWW?
8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?
17.1. / ? , .
1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.
2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the internet, including education and weather forecast.
3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.
4) Internet is a tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.
5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.
6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user.
7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.
8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.
9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.
10) Radio and TV.-broadcasting is a future of Internet. It's not available yet.
17.2. , :
1) Internet
2) World Wide Web
3) Web browser
4) Internet provider
5) Hyperlinks
17.3. :
) , WWW .
2) , , , - - .
3) .
4) , -.
5) , .
6) , , - ( ) .
17.4. :
1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a...
2) People connected to the WWW through the local... have access to a variety of information.
3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the... follows the...
4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the... Each... provides a graphical interface.
5) Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.
Words to match with:
1) Web browser, providers, link, WWW.
1
