, :
lO ⇄ H+ + ClO
. = ,
, ClO , C HClO .
, ClO , C HClO o(lO)
a = ;
. = 0 lO × a,
. .
:
lO = C 0 HClO a × C 0 HClO.
:
. = = ClO.
. =
. = ( )
, , a , 1a = 1.
: . = × a2
,
, .
- , . , , , , , - . : , , .
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2H2O
.
Ba+2 + 2OH + 2H+ + SO = BaSO4 + 2H2O
:
Ba2++ SO = BaSO4
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl = uCl2 + 2H2O
.
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ + 2Cl = Cu+2 + 2Cl + 2H2O
:
Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ = Cu2+ + 2H2O
ZnS + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2S
ZnS + 2H+ +2Cl- = Zn2+ +2Cl- +H2S
:
ZnS + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2S
, , , , , . , , . ( ) , .
(/)
,
, ; , .
= 1, , , .
:
|
|
1. ;
2. ;
2 ⇄ + +
. = = 1,8 × 1016 ( 220).
, , () ; = = 55,5 /.
. × = C H × C OH = w;
w ( ), .
+ , : = = = 107 /.
, = , .
, = , Kw .
.
.
.
= = 107 / ;
> , > 107 / ;
< , < 107 / .
pH = 7. , pH 7, . pH < 7, , pH > 7 .
1. H+, OH pH : ) 0,1 HNO2; ) 0,1 . H2SO4; ) NaOH 1 / NaOH, 0,04 %.
) : C 0 = 0,1 / | . HNO2H++NO2- |
? |
.
H+.
/.
OH :
/.
pH:
.
) : / | . H2SO4 : . . H+ |
? |
( 2 H+).
C 0 ( H2SO4):
/.
/;
/;
.
) : w(NaOH) = 0,04% 0,0004 r- = 1 / | . NaOH : OH. |
? |
C 0 ( NaOH):
V - = 1 = 1000 ;
;
;
/.
/;
/;
.
2. 0,01 , , pH 4,17.
: C (H2CO3) = 0,01 / pH = 4,17 | . : H2CO3H++HCO3- (I ) H+: |
a ? |
/.
/.