Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II) выполняет в предложении функцию определения и функции различных обстоятельств. Оно переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога настоящего или прошедшего времени (с окончаниями -ый, -нный, -тый) или действительным причастием страдательного залога (оканчивающимся на -щийся, -вшийся).
Перевод причастия прошедшего времени в функции определения
Причастие прошедшего времени в функции определения может стоять перед определяемым существительным как отглагольное прилагательное (левое определение). В этом случае оно переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога настоящего или прошедшего времени: Some simplified explanations are suggested in the paper ‘Некоторые упрощенные объяснения предлагаются в данной работе’.
Причастие прошедшего времени в функции определения может стоять и после существительного, которое определяет (правое определение). В таких случаях оно соответствует русскому причастию действительного или страдательного залога настоящего или прошедшего времени или переводится придаточным определительным предложением: The task set was not very easy ‘ Поставленная задача была непростой’.
Перевод причастия прошедшего времени в функции обстоятельства
Причастие прошедшего времени в функции обстоятельства занимает в предложении нулевое место (предшествует подлежащему) или следует за глаголом-сказуемым. Причастие с относящимися к нему словами переводится на русский язык причастием прошедшего времени, деепричастием или придаточным обстоятельственным предложением: Written one hundred years ago the book is still widely read ‘Книгу, написанную сто лет назад, все еще многие читают’ (Будучи написанной сто лет назад, книга все еще пользуется спросом).
В функции обстоятельства причастие прошедшего времени может употребляться с союзами when ‘когда’, if ‘если’ и while ‘в то время как’. В этом случае причастие настоящего времени с относящимися к нему словами можно перевести деепричастным оборотом, обстоятельственным придаточным предложением или существительным с предлогом при: When burnt, wood gives off heat ‘При сжигании древесина выделяет тепло’.
Если причастный оборот стоит в начале предложения, то подлежащее английского предложения при переводе становится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения: Spoken in time a word can have a very important result ‘Если слово сказано вовремя, оно может дать очень важный результат’.
Если причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения, он переводится на русский язык как неопределенно-личное придаточное предложение, в котором подлежащее выражено местоимением: A fish cannot live taken out of the water ‘Рыба не сможет выжить, если ее вытащить (она вытащена) из воды’.
Упражнения
Упр. 83. Переведите предложения, содержащие причастие настоящего времени в роли определения, обстоятельства и смысловой части сказуемого.
1. The crying boy was standing in front of the closed door. 2. The woman speaking to our secretary now is my wife. 3. Working with the dictionary, don’t forget my instructions. 4. Graduating from the University he went to work to Norilsk. 5. While leaving school the pupils were talking about their meeting. 6. Entering the room, they turned on the light. 7. She entered the room, leaving the door open. 8. Looking through the newspaper, she noticed a photograph of her boss. 9. You should have much practice when learning to speak a foreign language. 10. Be careful, when crossing the street. 11. Everybody stopped talking hearing the sounds of music. 12. The room facing the garden is much more comfortable than this one.
Упр. 84. Переведите предложения, содержащие причастие прошедшего времени в роли определения, обстоятельства.
1. She showed us her article translated into English. 2. The modern houses built in our city make the capital more beautiful. 3. We had to repair thebroken parts of the car. 4. The workdone is of great importance. 5. He saw a broken glass on the floor. 6. The methodapplied depended upon the materialselected. 7. Copy the sentence written on the board. 8. Iffrozen, water turns into ice. 9. Unlessdiscussed the new plan must not be used. 10. Metals melt whenheated. 11. The coat bought last year is small for the girl now. 12. The Public Library has books and other printed matter. 13. Whenofferedto work abroad, A. Popovrefused to leave his motherland. 14. The lost book was found at last. 15. Written by an expert the report could be trusted. 16. Most of the scientists invited to the conference were leading specialists in various branches of economy. 17. When interviewed he refused to answer the questions. 18. She looked surprised. 19. We heard the news announced.
Упр. 85. Переведите предложения c причастиями на русский язык; укажите форму причастия и определите его функцию.
1. All the workers taking part in this work must be at the factory at 8 o'clock in the morning. 2. Having a lot of time, I decided to walk to the station. 3. While crossing the bridge, I met my brother. 4. Being very tired, I went straight home. 5. Being very angry with him, 1 didn't want to talk to him. 6. While going up the hill, he fell and hurt himself. 7. He took all the letters and telegrams lying on the table and went to the manager's office. 8. The answer received from the factory greatly surprised them. 9. While going home, I saw Helen talking to somebody. 10. Thinking that the boss was busy, we didn't ring him up. 11. Being a very experienced worker, he was able to do this work in a week. 12. Yesterday he showed me the list of books and magazines received by our library. 13. While waiting for a tram, I saw our new manager. 14. The stories published in this magazine are very interesting. 15. We have already received all the machines ordered at this plant. 16. The teacher took home all the compositions written by his pupils. 17. She lay on the sofa reading a book. 18. He gave the letters to the secretary asking her to send them off at once. 19. These are very interesting figures illustrating the development of our radio industry. 20. She wrote him a friendly letter thanking him for his help. 21. The boys stood on the bank throwing stones into the river. 22. He said this looking at her angrily. 23. Not knowing what to do, she applied to us for advice. 24. He sat at the table looking through the mail received the day before. 25. They sat in silence looking at the setting sun.
Упр. 86. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастные обороты.
1. The girl reading a book on the sofa is my sister. 2. The boys playing football in the yard are my classmates. 3. They were playing football watched by the coach. 4. Everything written in this document is absolutely right. 5. Thinking that I had forgotten the key I ran home. 6. Walking about the town every evening he met a lot of his old friends. 7. Science is knowledge arranged in an orderly manner. 8. An old man sitting at the window was a talented painter. 9. Traveling about Italy he saw many beautiful places. 10. They liked to sit on the sofa watching TV or just talking. 11. When speaking English pay attention to the order of words. 12. The square surrounded by tall trees looks very nice. 13. Reading the letter he was smiling. 14. She was reading the book bought the day before. 15. Speaking English well he could help me. 16. The girl showing the way to the office was the manager's daughter.
Упр. 87. Замените придаточные предложения причастным оборотом.
1. When I was looking through the newspaper I found an interesting article about UFOs. 2. The students who work hard at their English know the language well. 3. The tree which was broken by the wind was lying on the road. 4. When we were discussing the new film we forgot about the time. 5. Translate the words which are written on the board. 6. When I was going home yesterday, I kept thinking about the news. 7. Everybody could read the book, as it was translated into Russian. 8. The sentence which the student translated was not correct. 9. He felt very warm, because he was sitting by the fire. 10. The book which he left in the park had been taken from the library. 11. The experiments which were carried out by a team of young scientists led to sensational results. 12. He decided to have some rest as he was exhausted by hard work.
Упр. 88. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на cложные формы причастия.
1. Having lived in England for two years he speaks English very well. 2. The article being typed now will be published tomorrow. 3. She mentioned having seen her at the cinema. 4. Having read the book I gave it to Peter. 5. The building being built in our street is the new theatre. 6. Having been interviewed he was offered a job. 7. Having read the instruction, they could start working with the new equipment. 8. Having been tested the machine was put into operation. 9. Having waited for half an hour he decided to go home alone. 10. They returned home, having been away for nearly two months. 11. A new technique having been worked out, the production figures rose. 12. Being asked he explained that he had used different methods of research. 13. Having been finished in time the work was very useful. 14. Having failed twice he didn’t want to try again.
