1. Зависимые герундиальные обороты – это такие обороты, в которых перед герундием (после предлога) нет слова, обозначающего действующее лицо или предмет. При переводе таких оборотов придаточными предложениями обычно повторяется подлежащее английского предложения, а герундий становится сказуемым. При этом следует помнить, что предлог, вводящий герундиальный оборот в английском предложении, при переводе на русский язык должен стать союзным словом, соединяющим главное предложение с придаточным. Поэтому в русском переводе главное и придаточное предложения соединяются словами то, что в том падеже, который определяется предлогом, например: This metal differs from that by having a higher melting point ‘ Этот металл отличается от того металла тем, что он имеет более высокую точку плавления’; In addition to being very interesting this book is of great use ‘ Кроме того, что эта книга интересная, она еще и очень полезная’; In spite of being very complicated the problem has been solved ‘ Несмотря на то, что эта проблема очень сложная, ее (все же) решили’.
Перевод некоторых предлогов, вводящих герундиальные обороты, союзными словами: by ‘тем, что’; of ‘о том, что’; to ‘тому, что’; in ‘в том, что; к тому, что’; in addition to ‘кроме того, что’; in spite of ‘несмотря на то, что’; besides ‘кроме того, что’; owing to ‘благодаря тому, что’; due to ‘вследствие того, что; благодаря тому, что’.
Независимые герундиальные обороты
1. Независимые герундиальные обороты – это такие обороты, в которых между предлогом и герундием имеется слово, выражающее лицо (или предмет), которое совершает действие, передаваемое герундием. Такое слово может быть притяжательным местоимением или существительным в общем или притяжательном падеже. При переводе оборота придаточным предложением это местоимение или существительное становится подлежащим, а герундий – сказуемым придаточного предложения. Не забывайте, что перевод герундиального оборота придаточным предложением начинается с перевода предлога, стоящего перед герундием, например: The accuracy of the definition depends on the terms being carefully formulated ‘Точность определения зависит от того, насколько тщательно сформулированы (все) члены ’; There is unmistakable proof of Pauling's having been wrong ‘Имеются несомненные доказательства того, что Полинг ошибался’.
Если герундиальный оборот играет роль подлежащего (перед герундием нет предлога), то перевод его придаточным предложением следует начинать со слов то, что (в именительном падеже), например: His having made this experiment is a known fact ‘ To, что он уже провел этот эксперимент, является известным фактом’.
2. При переводе независимых герундиальных оборотов, в которых перед герундием стоит притяжательное местоимение, это местоимение становится личным местоимением в именительном падеже, т. е. подлежащим, например: We know of their having been satisfied with Kelly's explanations of the discrepancies ‘Мы знаем, что они были удовлетворены объяснениями расхождений, предложенными Келли’; There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis of the measurements within 10 days ‘Нет надежды, что мы получим полный анализ этих измерений в течение 10 дней’.
Упражнения
Упр. 92. Переведите предложения, определяя роль герундия в предложении.
1. Discussing a problem with colleagues is always helpful. 2. Stop shouting! I hear you very well. 3. He finished speaking and sat down. 4. He mentioned having discussed the question with his colleagues. 5. I suggest holding another meeting next week. 6. She hates working late at night. 7. The old equipment needs repairing. 8. The student didn’t mind going to another group. 9. He objected to being treated like a child. 10. They were prevented from finishing their work in time. 11. They insisted on changing the work regulations. 12. He insisted on being sent a copy of the document. 13. He remembered having warned them about the danger. 14. Would you mind answering a few questions? 15. He denied knowing anything about their plans. 16. After dinner we began discussing our plans. 17. He left without saying a word. 18. My watch keeps stopping.
Упр. 93. Переведите предложения, определяя зависимыe и независимыe герундиальныe обороты. Обращайте внимание на предлоги, вводящие герундиальные обороты.
1. John's coming so late surprised everybody. 2. Do you mind my joining the discussion? 3. The teacher insisted on our taking part in the conference. 4. Can you rely on your assistant doing it? 5. His coming back so soon was so unexpected. 6. She left her place at the sound of the key being turned in the lock. 7. They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with this type of error. 8. In spite of having met with failure they continued experimenting. 9. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances. 10. He has the reputation of having been a man of piety. 11. They insisted on the sample being tested repeatedly. 12. They objected to using greater voltage in this case. 13. All aspects of life depend on our understanding the properties of matter. 14. We know of man's having learned to use wood, stone and metal in prehistoric times. 15. A comparatively simple act of driving a car requires a vast number of scientific principles. 16. Many solids can be changed to gases by heating. 17. Ancient people lived for ages on the earth without knowing anything about electricity. 18. Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly. 19. This is a result of our not having specified input or output variables for the network.
Упр. 94. Переведите предложения, определяя роль герундия в предложении.
1. Balancing is done by adjusting the position of the rods. 2. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 3. Instead of using chlorine, they took bromine. 4. A committee has been established for the purpose of coordinating the nomenclature. 5. In 1954 a review of theoretical and experimental work on individual decision making was published. 6. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 7. We have modified the network while retaining the SFS property. 8. Having access to the code was symbolic. 9. It is worth while thinking over the effects I have just described. 10. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be effectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F. 11. The new opportunities may make life on this planet much more worth living. 12. They were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this problem. 13. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 14. It is no use speaking of it. 15. Operating conditions differed widely. 16. It is customary to dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel. 17. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 18. It is commonly understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the show is worth seeing. 19. The purpose of the method is determining system stability. 20. In one's search to understand what happens in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem. 21. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 22. The architects' aim is applying more plastics for interior decoration. 23. It may well be worth while considering the purpose of the investigation. 24. Search theory is potentially applicable to any sort of searching process.
Упр. 95. Определите функции причастия, герундия или отглагольного существительного. Предложения переведите.
1. Having passed all the exams Peter left for Moscow. 2. We know of Victor's having read an English book and reading another one. 3. The book having been read, I gave it to my friend. 4. I worked much to pass my entrance examinations,my brother helping me in my work. 5. Having been shown the wrong way I could not find his house. 6. When translated, the article was typed. 7. The results obtained were of great importance. 8. While compressing the gas we can turn it into liquid. 9. We are proud of being students. 10. He went awaywithout waiting for a reply. 11. I remember my having seen this film. 12. This is a most interesting book, beautifully written and splendidly translated. 13. The melting of copper, iron and cast iron requires a very high temperature. 14. The energy of a body is its capacityfor doing work. 15. He is interestedin collecting rare minerals. 16. This article is worth reading. 17. At the continued heating ofa solid body the movement of its molecules becomes still faster.
Упр. 96. Определите, какими членами предложения являются в данных предложениях инфинитив, герундий и причастие. Предложения переведите.
1. Working with him was a pleasure. 2. It is necessary to solve this problem. 3. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 4. She began crying. 5. He must have gone away. 6. The only way out is to tell him the truth. 7. I like to read English books. 8. He did not want to be seen. 9. She insisted on speaking English. 10. He avoided talking about it. 11. There are a lot of books to choose from. 12. There is no reason for quarrelling. 13. He came here to take the photo. 14. He left without saying a word. 15. On seeing the child's drawing he smiled. 16. The train leaving from platform six goes to London. 17. The match planned for tomorrow must be put off. 18. Having worked all day she was tired. 19. Feeling tired he decided to have a rest. 20. Walking along the street he noticed his friend. 21. I don't want to ask him. 22. I am glad to have asked you. You've helped me a lot. 23. It is strange of you to be asking me for advice now. I need advice badly myself. 24. I don't саll it pleasant to be asked such questions. 25. Asking this question, she blushed. 26. Having asked this question he felt relief. 27. I don't mind asking him about it. 28. I certainly disapprove of your having asked him.
Упр. 97. Выберите инфинитив или герундий.
1. I stopped … television because the film was boring.
a) to watch; b) watching.
2. I stopped … him, but he didn't notice me.
a) to greet; b) greeting.
3. I tried … my bike, but I couldn't.
a) to mend; b) mending.
4. I look forward … you.
a) to meet; b) to meeting.
5. We agreed … the contract.
a) to sign; b) signing.
6. I wasn't allowed … on the expedition because I had health problems.
a) to go; b) going
7. Don't forget … the car with petrol. It's nearly empty.
a) to fill; b) filling.
8. I wanted … with my grandparents for a week.
a) to stay; b) staying
9. It didn't stop … all day.
a) to rain; b) raining.
10. I hope … for my holidays to Spain next summer.
a) to go; b) going.
11. The mother made the children … to bed.
a) go; b) going.
12. This book is easy ….
a) to read; b) reading.
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