Сочетание модального глагола can, may, must, should и др. переводится на русский язык словами ‘можно’, ‘может’, ‘нужно’, ‘должен’, ‘следует’ плюс глагол в неопределенной форме: The metal can be strengthened by fibres ‘Металл можно укрепить волокном’.
В отрицательной форме модальные глаголы can, may с инфинитивом страдательного залога переводится как ‘нельзя’, а must, should – ‘не следует’: This instrument cannot be taken without рermission ‘Этот прибор нельзя брать без разрешения’; The instruments shouldn'tbe left plugged in ‘Инструменты не следует оставлять включенными в сеть’.
Сочетание модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом
Модальные глаголы may и must в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом выражают предположение, относящееся к прошлому, причем may переводится модальным словом ‘возможно’, а must выражает большую степень вероятности и перевoдится как ‘ должно быть ’: There must have been some mistakes in the calculations ‘В расчетах, должно быть, были ошибки’.
Перфектный инфинитив в сочетании с модальным глаголами could, should, must, ought выражают действие, которое могло бы произойти, но не состоялось. В таких предложениях содержится элемент критики и упрека: You should have checked the instrument before you started the work ‘Вам следовало проверить прибор до того, как вы начали работать’.
Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
1. Модальные глаголы не имеют исходной формы – инфинитива, а значит, не могут образовывать сложных форм (со вспомогательными глаголами, например будущее время) и производных форм (например, причастие). Поэтому для образования таких форм служат эквиваленты, которые имеют инфинитив и могут образовывать любые формы, любого временного значения и наклонения.
Слова, используемые для замены модальных глаголов сап и may, передают лексическое содержание модальных глаголов: сап – to be able (able ‘способный’); may – to be allowed (to allow ‘разрешать’).
За заменителями модальных глаголов всегда следует инфинитив смыслового глагола с частицей to,например: We shall be able to correct the program ‘Мы сможем исправить эту программу’; He was allowed to perform the operation ‘Ему разрешили сделать эту операцию’ (или: ‘Он смог сделать эту операцию’).
Модальный глагол must имеет два эквивалента to be и to have. Глагол must и его эквиваленты to be и to have можно переводить одинаково – словом ‘ должен ’,однако они имеют разные оттенки в значении и поэтому во многих случаях при переводе рекомендуется использовать эквиваленты, более точно передающие их содержание в контексте:
- to be (в буд. времени не употребляется) обозначает заранее предусмотренное, ожидаемое долженствование (в соответствии с планом, договоренностью): I must go to the conference ‘Я должен (мне нужно) поехать на эту конференцию’; I am to go to the conference ‘Я обязан (мне предстоит) поехать на эту конференцию (должен по плану, по договоренности)’.
- to have обозначает вынужденное долженствование (в соответствии с изменившимися обстоятельствами) и обычно переводится как ‘ вынужден ’,‘ приходится ’: I have to go to the conference ‘Я вынужден (мне приходится) поехать на эту конференцию’ (должен вместо Н., который заболел).
Упражнения
Упр. 98. Переведите предложения. Назовите модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты и объясните их употребление.
1. a) My daughter can read and speak English now.
b) She could read but couldn't speak English last year.
c) This task is too difficult but the boys are able to do it, I think.
d) They are able to finish their work in time.
2. a) May I take the key to open the study?
b) He was allowed to take a new magazine for two days.
c) Will you be allowed to take part in the competition?
3. a) You must rewrite your homework again.
b) As she lives far from school she has to get up early.
c) I was so tired yesterday that I had to go to bed at 10 o'clock.
4. a) I am to mee t him at 5 p.m.
b) They were to wait for me at the library.
5.a) We should do our morning exercises to be strong and healthy.
b) You should buy a new umbrella.
c) You ought to put on a coat, it's cold today.
Упр. 99. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами (если нужно, вставьте отрицательную частицу).
1. Mike is looking for a job. He... paint walls, he... fix motors and he... repair locks. 2. Nick... do his homework because he was very tired. Jane... do her homework because she... to take care of her baby sister. 3. Small children... play with matches. 4. The meeting … to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late. 5. … I invite Tom to my birthday party? 6. You … go when you have finished the translation. 7. Take your raincoat, it … rain today. 8. You … talk at the lessons. 9. I have very little time, I … leave. 10. You … read this text, it is easy enough. 11. As we had agreed before we … to meet at the stadium at 2 p.m. 12. My parents think that my hair... be shorter, my friends... be more polite when they come to our house and I... get better marks at school. 13. I … to help my friends with their work, so I … go with you now. 14. I … return the book to the library today. 15. – … speak Spanish? – No, I ….
Упр. 100. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may, must, should, need.
1. … I borrow your ruler? 2. It isn't certain, but he … be a millionaire in two years' time. 3. That … be Charlie. He said he would be here about now. 4. You … make a little less noise. 5. Jane … still be in her office, but she usually leaves before six. 6. The house repairs … cost more than the house is worth. 7. It was so quiet that one … hear a leaf drop. 8. Nobody … leave the hall before the exam has been finished. 9. He himself gave me the directions so they … be right. 10. You were lucky. You … have broken your neck, Jim. 11. There … be a heavy frost during the night. 12. You … drive on the left in England. 13. She noticed that she … be late. 14. He … be clever, but he hasn't got much common sense. 15. You … be more attentive. 16. Fred doesn't go to school so he … not to get up so early. 17. Horses … sleep standing. 18. You … buy only second-hand books in that shop. 19. All drivers of cars … wear seat belts. Seat belts make driving much safer. 20. Cactus plants … much water. That's why they … grow in the dry desert.
Упр. 101. Поставьте следующие предложения в Past и Future Indefinite (добавьте обстоятельства прошедшего и будущего времени: yesterday, last year, a week ago, tomorrow, next year, next week).
1. The students have to work hard. 2. We can come back on Friday. 3. You can come to the gym at any time. 4. Are you able to translate the text without a dictionary? 5. I must solve some problems. 6. You have to do this exercise once more. 7. My sister can play chess very well. 8. We have to call a doctor. 9. We must discuss this problem in detail. 10. The machine can do work instead of a man.
Упр. 102. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Не is to go to Sweden on business next week. 2. Reading a book should be a conversation between you and the author. 3. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute? 4. We had to find a safe place for the equipment. 5. You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field. 6. You can see this old film in one cinema only. 7. We shall be able to see a number of old films in September. 8. If you want to know English you have to work hard. 9. You shouldn't worry, I am sure you will pass your exams successfully. 10. Everything is clear and you needn't go into detail. 11. You will have to call the doctor again if she keeps running high temperature. 12. It's already 10 o'clock. I must hurry to catch the last train. 13. The women were not allowed to take their tea breaks until she had left. 14. Bad news should be broken gently and good news all at once.
Упр. 103. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы с инфинитивом в продолженной или перфектной форме.
1. She must be waiting for us at the entrance. 2. She may be still waiting for us. 3. She must have been waiting for us for a long time already. 4. He looks tired. He must have been working all day. 5. They cannot be wasting time on that useless job. 6. You should have been more careful with the new equipment. 7. You needn't have gone to the library. We've got all the necessary books at home. 8. You needn't have taken a taxi. I could have given you a lift. 9. He can't have done such a silly thing. 10. You shouldn't have spoken to your parents like that. You will regret it very soon. 11. You shouldn't have mentioned that name in her presence. 12. You ought to have done something about it long ago. 13. He looks sad. He must be having some problem. 14. My brother may be working on the computer in his room. 15. He cannot have forgotten about mother's birthday. 16. They may have moved to some other place, they don't answer my letters. 17. It must be raining outside. Do you hear the noise? 18. You should have told me the truth earlier. Now it's too late to change anything.
Упр. 104. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Within this time the maximum change in conductivity was to be observed. 2. However useful it may be, it cannot be employed to advantage unless it can be obtained in adequate quantities and at reasonable price. 3. For other types of signals the carrier level may have to be increased. 4. In order to make the satellite a whole number of highly involved scientific and engineering problems had to be solved. 5. Each type of failure has to be recovered by an appropriate set of actions. 6. There will inevitably be components that cannot be reduced entirely to physically measurable quantities and so will have to be evaluated subjectively. 7. Only recently has it become apparent that his postulates must be modified and completed if all elementary geometry is to be deducible from them. 8. Topology originated in what now would be called mathematical recreations. 9. Special techniques have had to be advised for solving the problem. 10. They will, in general, have to be content with the data available. 11. If computers are ever to gain wide acceptance for process control they must be understood by the people who have to operate them. 12. For this reason they should be kept as simple as possible. 13. He may have to supply judgment to cover those aspects of the problem which could not be covered by the research.
Упр. 105. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы с инфинитивом в перфектной форме.
1. The authors suggested that denaturation may have occurred during preparation of the gamma globuline. 2. Although the structures proposed may not have been established with complete certainty, all known facts, physical and chemical, fit beautifully this ingenious interpretation. 3. The introduction of symbols for negative numbers must have been a further source of difficulties. 4. Since the high fluid level could have been caused by leaks, it is necessary to determine production at 80 % efficiency based on the old cycle. 5. An observer of the pattern recognition "scene" during the period of the last decade and a half could hardly have failed to notice the following features. 6. The foreign matter such as sulphur and iron, which are found in coals to varying degree, may have been due to the presence of minerals containing these elements in their neighbourhood. 7. Sustained experiments with the cyclotron produced rare hits of the target by what might have been the atom of the new element. 8. It is for this reason that many reports on scientific research include discussion of how the research ought to have been done in the light of the experience gained in having done it the first time.
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