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Exercise 1 a. Read and translate the text.




  Bulbing onion varieties (1) are classified according to day length (2). All bulb onions grown in the Minnesota are classified as long-day varieties (3) requiring (4) 14 or more hours of day length before bulbing is initiated (5). Technically (6), all onions are "long-day" plants, in that bulbing begins as day length increases (7). Short-day varieties (8) are those requiring only 10 to 12 hours of day length (9) for bulbing to occur. These are grown (10) in southern states generally below the 35 th. parallel (11), and are not suitable for bulb production (12) in the midwest, except as pearl or boiler varieties (13), or for over-winter production (14). Temperature and light intensity and quality(15) can modify (16) the onion bulbing response (17). High temperatures and bright days (18) can "compensate" for some day length (19), causing onions to bulb sooner than they would otherwise (20). Overcast (21), cool temperatures, delay (22) bulbing. Time of bulbing (23)is an important factor in determining onion bulb size (24). Early bulbing contributes to small bulb size (25), with delayed bulbing resulting in larger size (26). Uniformity of maturity (27) (rate of foliage collapse) (28) is very important in bulb size uniformity and storage quality (29). Foliage collapse in hybrid varieties tends to occur over a period of three to four days, with close to 100% of the tops falling (30), however in non-uniform (often open-pollinated) varieties (31), this could occur over a period of several weeks with a percentage of the tops not falling at harvest (32). In such varieties, bulbs with early tops-down contribute to incidence of bald onions (skinless) (33)at harvest, while those whose tops resist falling (34) do not cure properly (35), contributing to decay in storage (36). Cool temperatures and late plantings predispose varieties to bull (thick) necks (37), a trait (38) that contributes to poor storability (39) due to post-harvest disease infection (40). This is especially true of late varieties that may have poor bulbing uniformity qualities (41)(sometimes more prevalent (42)in open- pollinated varieties). Selecting the correct variety for your production area (43) and understanding the climatic and other environmental factors that effect its performance (44) is extremely important. Yields of the same variety will vary (45) from year to year depending on weather conditions, planting schedules (46) and soil types. Many varieties are available (47)and new releases (48) occur each year. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. () 6. 7. 8. 9. 10-12 10. 11. 35 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. , 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. . 27. () 28. () 29. 30. 100% () 31. , ( ) 32. 33. 볻 ( ) 34. 35. 36. 37. () 38. 39. 40 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. () 47. 48. ()

Exercise 1 b. Mach the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B:

A. Short-day varieties are those requiring only 10 to 12 hours of day length for bulbing to occur. 1. , , , .
B. Bulbing onion varieties are classified according to day length. 2. , , , .
C. High temperatures and bright days can "compensate" for some day length, causing onions to bulb sooner than they would otherwise. 3. .  
D. Uniformity of maturity (rate of foliage collapse) is very important in bulb size uniformity and storage quality. 4. , - .
E. In non-uniform (often open-pollinated) varieties, this could occur over a period of several weeks with a percentage of the tops not falling at harvest. 5. 3-4 , 100% .
F. Cool temperatures and late plantings predispose varieties to bull (thick) necks, a trait that contributes to poor storability due to post-harvest disease infection. 6. , ̳, , 14 .
G. Many varieties are available and new releases occur each year. 7. .
H. Overcast, cool temperatures, delay bulbing. 8. , .
I. All bulb onions grown in the Minnesota are classified as long-day varieties requiring 14 or more hours of day length before bulbing is initiated. 9. , ( ) , .
J. Foliage collapse in hybrid varieties tends to occur over a period of three to four days, with close to 100% of the tops falling. 10. () , , .
K. These are not suitable for bulb production in the midwest, except as pearl or boiler varieties, or for over-winter production. 11. г ( ) () .
L. Early bulbing contributes to small bulb size, with delayed bulbing resulting in larger size. 12. .
M. Temperature and light intensity and quality can modify the onion bulbing response. 13. , , .
N. Technically, all onions are "long-day" plants, in that bulbing begins as day length increases. 14. , 10-12 .  

 





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