.
.
, , .
:
+ + = 2.
:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O;
Na+ + + + + Cl = Na+ + Cl + H2O;
+ + = H2O.
䳿 Na+ Cl . .
:
HCl + NH4OH D NH4Cl + H2O;
H+ + Cl + NH4OH D NH4+ + Cl + H2O;
H+ + NH4OH D NH4+ + H2O.
NH4Cl .
:
NaOH + CH3COOH D CH3COONa + H2O;
Na+ + OH + CH3COOH D CH3COO + Na+ + H2O;
OH + CH3COOH D CH3COO + H2O.
3Na 3.
:
CH3COOH + NH4OH D CH3COONH4+H2O;
CH3COOH + NH4OH D CH3COO + NH4+ + H2O.
³ CH3COONH4 NH4+, CH3COO.
.
: CH3COO + H2O D CH3COOH + OH
.
(H2O) .
K ∙ (H2O) = K ( ).
.
3:
3 D 3 + +.
.
ϳ :
.
, , .
:
.
3 3 OH, (3) = (OH), :
,
.
Kw = c (H+)∙ c (OH) :
.
ϳ :
; ;
.
, p H :
.
, Kw =1∙10-14 lg K. =, :
; (/ 3).
h , .
()= (3)= h, (3)= ch , , ∙ h.
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|
ϳ , :
; ; .
, , .
+ H2O D NH4OH + H+
;
K (2) = K;
K = .
NH4OH:
NH4OH D + .
NH4OH:
.
: .
ϳ (NH4OH) :
; .
, , .
.
(NH4OH) = (H+). :
,
.
2(+) K. = Kw ; 2(+) = ;
.
, :
lg c (H+) = ½lg Kw ½lg c + ½lg K.
Kw = 11014, lg K. = K.
p H = 7 ½ K. ½lg c
(NH4OH) = (H+) = h
:
; K = h 2 c;
; ; .
, , ,
+ 3 + 2 D NH4OH + 3;
:
(2) . :
NH4OH: NH4OH D + . :
.
:
.
3: 3 D 3 + +.
: .
: .
ϳ (NH4OH) (3) :
;
.
(NH4OH) = (3) = h.
() = h; (3) = h.
; ; ;
.
, , , + , .
. . , , Bi(NO3)3, , Bi(OH)(NO3)2, Bi(OH)2NO3. , SiO32-, CH3COO- :
2Na2SiO3 + 3HOH + 4NH4Cl D H2Si2O5 + 4NaCl + 4NH4OH
-, :
SiO32 + 2HOH D H2SiO3 + 2OH
ó , H2Si2O5. ó , -. -:
2OH + 2H+ D 2H2O
2NH4+ + 2OH- D 2NH4OH
. :
2H2SiO3 → H2Si2O5 + H2O,
( NH3∙H2O) , .
. , Al3+ Cr3+ :
Al3+ + 6OH D [Al(OH)6]3
Cr3+ + 6OH D [Cr(OH)6]3; [Cr(OH)6]3 D CrO33 + 3H2O;
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[Cr(OH)6]3- Cr(OH)3:
CrO33 + 3HO → Cr(OH)3 + 3OH−
. , , , -:
CO32 + HOH D HCO3− + OH−,
, :
2NH4+ + HOH D NH4OH + H+
, . , , , , , . :
Fe2+ + 2HOH D Fe(OH)2 + 2H+
, - , . - , , : Na2CO3, Na2HPO4, CH3COONa . ֳ HCO3-, H2PO4- :
CO32 + H+ → HCO3
HCO3 + H+ → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2
ó- , , :
Al3+ + OH− → [Al(OH)]2+
[Al(OH)]2+ + OH → [Al(OH)2]+
, , , . : , .