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, , , - 2 , 6 , 24 .. , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , , , .

, , , - (), (), (). 24 , , , , - . Alice offered the girl a toy , , , .

, , - to, , : Alice offered a toy to the girl .

, , , . , , , , , . ( ), , ( ) -/- ( ), ( ). .

, , . , , , . , , , - . , , , .

, , , , , , be . , , . be , , -ed , , .

, , , , , : The cook prepares breakfast Breakfast is prepared (, ). , by: Breakfast is prepared by the cook (, ). , , , , Alice offered the girl a toy : The girl was offered a toy ( ), , A toy was offered to the girl ( ) . , : The girl was offered a toy by Alice; A toy was offered to the girl by Alice .

, , . () , () , , , . -/-: , . , . - , , . , , . , (The girl was offered a toy) ( ), (A toy was offered to the girl by Alice) ( ).

 

, , . , ( - ), - .

-, not , n't . , , : She has not (hasn't) come ; He will not (won't) agree .

, , not do (do, does, did), : Alice dances - Alice does not (doesn't) dance . , do , , , : do - , (We do not do that ).

, , , , , not (n't) .

- . , , : (, ) . , . , anybody anyone -, : Alice did not wait for anyone. nobody no one , : Alice waited for no one. , , Alice waited for someone -. , , - not .

- -. , , no : There were no people in the streets . The child has no toys .

 

, , , , , , - : Will John come? ? , not - , do: Did John come? ? . - , . , , : who , whom , whose , what , , which , where , when , why , how . , , , wh-.

- , , , - : Whom did John meet? ? Whose picture have they seen? ? What will Alice buy? ? Which book should we read? ? Where does Peter work? ? When must she come? ? Why are you leaving? ? How could that happen? ?

, , not . , , , - , . . , do : Who came? ? What happened? ? Which size fits him? ?

- , , " - ". , , , : Does John play chess? ? M ust Peter come? ? Are the children asleep? ? Is Alice a student? ? Had they friends? ? Will there be anyone at home? - ?

- , , , , , , . : ? ? ? ? ? - ? , , - . , - : John plays chess? Alice is a student? Peter must come? , , , , .

. , , n't , not : Doesn't your brother (Does your brother not) speak English? -?

 

- , . , . , -, , - . -, , , , not (n't).

: Did John see you? - He did / didn't. ? - / . Will Alice come? - She will / won't. ? - / . Is the book yours? - It is / isn't. ? - / . Can they swim? - They can / can't. ? - / .

, Yes No , , . , . ? , , , , . , , Won't he come? Yes, he will (, ), No, he won't (, ).

, , . - - , . , , "" "" - , . ? ? (We should help them, shouldn't we? C , ? You didn't know that, did you? , ?)

, , , : . - . I have read the book . so , , , , : So have I. , neither : I haven't read the book. - Neither have I. . - ( ).

 





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